Institution
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Government•Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States•
About: National Institute of Standards and Technology is a government organization based out in Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Laser & Scattering. The organization has 26667 authors who have published 60661 publications receiving 2215547 citations. The organization is also known as: National Bureau of Standards & NIST.
Topics: Laser, Scattering, Neutron scattering, NIST, Spectroscopy
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: In this article, a coherent four-wave mixing in which three sodium matter waves of differing momenta mix to produce, by means of nonlinear atom-atom interactions, a fourth wave with new momentum is presented.
Abstract: The advent of the laser as an intense source of coherent light gave rise to nonlinear optics, which now plays an important role in many areas of science and technology. One of the first applications of nonlinear optics was the multi-wave mixing1,2 of several optical fields in a nonlinear medium (one in which the refractive index depends on the intensity of the field) to produce coherent light of a new frequency. The recent experimental realization of the matter-wave ‘laser’3,4—based on the extraction of coherent atoms from a Bose–Einstein condensate5—opens the way for analogous experiments with intense sources of matter waves: nonlinear atom optics6. Here we report coherent four-wave mixing in which three sodium matter waves of differing momenta mix to produce, by means of nonlinear atom–atom interactions, a fourth wave with new momentum. We find a clear signature of a four-wave mixing process in the dependence of the generated matter wave on the densities of the input waves. Our results may ultimately facilitate the production and investigation of quantum correlations between matter waves.
337 citations
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Illumina1, Food and Drug Administration2, University of Washington3, University of Cambridge4, Applied Biosystems5, Imperial College London6, Stanford University7, Merck & Co.8, Invitrogen9, Thermo Fisher Scientific10, Eli Lilly and Company11, ATCC12, Johns Hopkins University13, National Institutes of Health14, GE Healthcare15, Hoffmann-La Roche16, Agilent Technologies17, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory18, Genentech19, National Institute of Standards and Technology20, University of California, Los Angeles21, University of Zagreb22
TL;DR: The External RNA Controls Consortium (ERCC) is developing commonly agreed-upon and tested controls for use in expression assays, a true industry-wide standard control.
Abstract: Standard controls and best practice guidelines advance acceptance of data from research, preclinical and clinical laboratories by providing a means for evaluating data quality. The External RNA Controls Consortium (ERCC) is developing commonly agreed-upon and tested controls for use in expression assays, a true industry-wide standard control.
337 citations
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TL;DR: Current and recently published work exploring immunomodulation by PFOA, PFOS, and other PFCs in rodent models, alternative laboratory models, and wildlife suggest that immune effects in laboratory animal models occur at serum concentrations below, within the reported range, or just above those reported for highly exposed humans and wildlife.
Abstract: Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are environmentally widespread, persistent, and bioaccumulative chemicals with multiple toxicities reported in experimental models and wildlife, including immunomodulation. The two most commonly detected compounds, which also generally occur in the highest concentrations in environmentally exposed organisms, are perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). PFOA and PFOS have been reported to alter inflammatory responses, production of cytokines, and adaptive and innate immune responses in rodent models, avian models, reptilian models, and mammalian and nonmammalian wildlife. Mounting evidence suggests that immune effects in laboratory animal models occur at serum concentrations below, within the reported range, or just above those reported for highly exposed humans and wildlife. Thus, the risk of immune effects for humans and wildlife exposed to PFCs cannot be discounted, especially when bioaccumulation and exposure to multiple PFCs are considered. Th...
336 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of photo-ionizing transitions to states of increasing orbital momenta which occurs at increasing photon energies is discussed in terms of Huygens' approach and of a partial-wave analysis with a Born-approximation calculation.
Abstract: Initial observations by Samson of the far-uv photoabsorption by molecules suggest that the spectrum of photoelectrons emerging from a multicenter molecular field is modulated by interferences. This effect is discussed in terms of Huygens' approach and of a partial-wave analysis with a Born-approximation calculation. It is compared with processes of diffraction by molecules. It appears related to the onset of photo-ionizing transitions to states of increasing orbital momenta which occurs at increasing photon energies.
336 citations
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TL;DR: Surfaces of novel block copolymers with amphiphilic side chains were studied for their ability to influence the adhesion of marine organisms and a mathematical model to extract depth-profile information from the normalized NEXAFS partial electron yield is developed.
Abstract: Surfaces of novel block copolymers with amphiphilic side chains were studied for their ability to influence the adhesion of marine organisms. The surface-active polymer, obtained by grafting fluorinated molecules with hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks to a block copolymer precursor, showed interesting bioadhesion properties. Two different algal species, one of which adhered strongly to hydrophobic surfaces, and the other, to hydrophilic surfaces, showed notably weak adhesion to the amphiphilic surfaces. Both organisms are known to secrete adhesive macromolecules, with apparently different wetting characteristics, to attach to underwater surfaces. The ability of the amphiphilic surface to undergo an environment-dependent transformation in surface chemistry when in contact with the extracellular polymeric substances is a possible reason for its antifouling nature. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) was used, in a new approach based on angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), to determine the variation in chemical composition within the top few nanometers of the surface and also to study the surface segregation of the amphiphilic block. A mathematical model to extract depth-profile information from the normalized NEXAFS partial electron yield is developed.
335 citations
Authors
Showing all 26760 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Zhong Lin Wang | 245 | 2529 | 259003 |
John A. Rogers | 177 | 1341 | 127390 |
J. N. Butler | 172 | 2525 | 175561 |
Yury Gogotsi | 171 | 956 | 144520 |
Zhenan Bao | 169 | 865 | 106571 |
Gang Chen | 167 | 3372 | 149819 |
Michel C. Nussenzweig | 165 | 516 | 87665 |
Donald G. Truhlar | 165 | 1518 | 157965 |
Tobin J. Marks | 159 | 1621 | 111604 |
Jongmin Lee | 150 | 2257 | 134772 |
Galen D. Stucky | 144 | 958 | 101796 |
Thomas P. Russell | 141 | 1012 | 80055 |
William D. Travis | 137 | 605 | 93286 |
Peter Zoller | 134 | 734 | 76093 |
Anthony G. Evans | 130 | 576 | 65803 |