Showing papers by "Northwestern University published in 2022"
TL;DR: Several of the fundamental algorithms used in LAMMPS are described along with the design strategies which have made it flexible for both users and developers, and some capabilities recently added to the code which were enabled by this flexibility are highlighted.
1,956 citations
TL;DR: The Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID) as mentioned in this paper is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study recruiting adults (aged ≥18 years) discharged from hospital with COVID19 across the UK.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors investigated whether an interatrial shunt can reduce heart failure events or improve health status in patients with congestive heart failure and preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction.
80 citations
École Polytechnique1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg2, South China University of Technology3, University of Windsor4, University of California, Santa Barbara5, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology6, Sungkyunkwan University7, University of Washington8, York University9, Shanghai Jiao Tong University10, University of Minnesota11, Hewlett-Packard12, University of California, Berkeley13, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology14, Rovira i Virgili University15, Chinese Academy of Sciences16, University of California, San Diego17, Åbo Akademi University18, University of Chicago19, Fudan University20, Northwestern University21, Columbia University22, PARC23, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne24, University of Bari25
TL;DR: Bonnassieux et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a roadmap for the key areas of flexible and printable electronics. And they highlighted the current status and future challenges in the areas covered by the roadmap and highlighted the breadth and wide-ranging opportunities made available by flexible electronics technologies.
Abstract: Author(s): Bonnassieux, Y; Brabec, CJ; Cao, Y; Carmichael, TB; Chabinyc, ML; Cheng, KT; Cho, G; Chung, A; Cobb, CL; Distler, A; Egelhaaf, HJ; Grau, G; Guo, X; Haghiashtiani, G; Huang, TC; Hussain, MM; Iniguez, B; Lee, TM; Li, L; Ma, Y; Ma, D; McAlpine, MC; Ng, TN; Osterbacka, R; Patel, SN; Peng, J; Peng, H; Rivnay, J; Shao, L; Steingart, D; Street, RA; Subramanian, V; Torsi, L; Wu, Y | Abstract: This roadmap includes the perspectives and visions of leading researchers in the key areas of flexible and printable electronics. The covered topics are broadly organized by the device technologies (sections 1–9), fabrication techniques (sections 10–12), and design and modeling approaches (sections 13 and 14) essential to the future development of new applications leveraging flexible electronics (FE). The interdisciplinary nature of this field involves everything from fundamental scientific discoveries to engineering challenges; from design and synthesis of new materials via novel device design to modelling and digital manufacturing of integrated systems. As such, this roadmap aims to serve as a resource on the current status and future challenges in the areas covered by the roadmap and to highlight the breadth and wide-ranging opportunities made available by FE technologies.
68 citations
TL;DR: Stereo methods using GOES-17 and Himawari-8 applied to the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic plume on 15 January 2022 show overshooting tops reaching 50-55 km altitude, a record in the satellite era as discussed by the authors .
Abstract: Stereo methods using GOES-17 and Himawari-8 applied to the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcanic plume on 15 January 2022 show overshooting tops reaching 50-55 km altitude, a record in the satellite era. Plume height is important to understand dispersal and transport in the stratosphere and climate impacts. Stereo methods, using geostationary satellite pairs, offer the ability to accurately capture the evolution of plume top morphology quasi-continuously over long periods. Manual photogrammetry estimates plume height during the most dynamic early phase of the eruption and a fully automated algorithm retrieves both plume height and advection every 10 minutes during a more frequently sampled and stable phase beginning three hours after the eruption. Stereo heights are confirmed with Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) bending angles, showing that much of the plume was lofted 30–40 km into the atmosphere. Cold bubbles are observed in the stratosphere with brightness temperature of ∼173K.
58 citations
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that the risk of a COVID-19 case for Black and Hispanic/Latinx populations was more than twice that of Whites across all age groups.
Abstract: Structural racism has driven and continues to drive policies that create the social, economic, and community factors resulting in residential segregation, lack of access to adequate healthcare, and lack of employment opportunities that would allow economic mobility. This results in overall poorer population health for minoritized people. In 2020, Black and Hispanic/Latinx communities throughout the United States, including the state of Illinois, experienced disproportionately high rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Public health officials in Illinois implemented targeted programs at state and local levels to increase intervention access and reduce disparities.To quantify how disparities in COVID outcomes evolved through the epidemic, data on SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests, COVID-19 cases, and COVID-19 deaths were obtained from the Illinois National Electronic Disease Surveillance System for the period from March 1 to December 31, 2020. Relative risks of COVID-19 cases and deaths were calculated for Black and Hispanic/Latinx vs. White residents, stratified by age group and epidemic interval. Deaths attributable to racial/ethnic disparities in incidence and case fatality were estimated with counterfactual simulations.Disparities in case and death rates became less drastic after May 2020, but did not disappear, and were more pronounced at younger ages. From March to May of 2020, the risk of a COVID-19 case for Black and Hispanic/Latinx populations was more than twice that of Whites across all age groups. The relative risk of COVID-19 death reached above 10 for Black and Hispanic/Latinx individuals under 50 years of age compared to age-matched Whites in the early epidemic. In all Illinois counties, relative risk of a COVID-19 case was the same or significantly increased for minoritized populations compared to the White population. 79.3 and 86.7% of disparities in deaths among Black and Hispanic/Latinx populations, respectively, were attributable to differences in age-adjusted incidence compared to White populations rather than differences in case fatality ratios.Racial and ethnic disparities in the COVID-19 pandemic are products of society, not biology. Considering age and geography in addition to race/ethnicity can help to identify the structural factors driving poorer outcomes for certain groups. Studies and policies aimed at reducing inequalities in disease exposure may reduce disparities in mortality more than those focused on drivers of case fatality.
56 citations
TL;DR: A review of the state-of-the-art in deep learning for computational bioacoustics can be found in this article , where the authors propose a subjective but principled roadmap for computational biology with deep learning, in order to make the most of future developments in AI and informatics.
Abstract: Animal vocalisations and natural soundscapes are fascinating objects of study, and contain valuable evidence about animal behaviours, populations and ecosystems. They are studied in bioacoustics and ecoacoustics, with signal processing and analysis an important component. Computational bioacoustics has accelerated in recent decades due to the growth of affordable digital sound recording devices, and to huge progress in informatics such as big data, signal processing and machine learning. Methods are inherited from the wider field of deep learning, including speech and image processing. However, the tasks, demands and data characteristics are often different from those addressed in speech or music analysis. There remain unsolved problems, and tasks for which evidence is surely present in many acoustic signals, but not yet realised. In this paper I perform a review of the state of the art in deep learning for computational bioacoustics, aiming to clarify key concepts and identify and analyse knowledge gaps. Based on this, I offer a subjective but principled roadmap for computational bioacoustics with deep learning: topics that the community should aim to address, in order to make the most of future developments in AI and informatics, and to use audio data in answering zoological and ecological questions.
51 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the effects of school closures during the Covid-19 pandemic on children's education and found that high school students from low-income neighborhoods suffer a learning loss of 0.4 standard deviations after a one-year school closure.
45 citations
TL;DR: A graph convolutional network based representation learning method, namely multi-perspective social recommendation (MPSR), to construct hierarchical user preferences and assign friends’ influences with different levels of trust at varying perspectives is proposed.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors provide a framework to think about different operationalizations of dehumanization, and consider how researchers' definitions of dehumanisation may shape the conclusions they draw about key questions such as the association between dehumanization and violence.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors analyse a chemically driven molecular motor in terms of information thermodynamics, a framework that quantitatively relates information to other thermodynamic parameters, such as free energy transfer from chemical to mechanical processes by energy flow and information flow.
Abstract: Information is physical, a realization that has transformed the physics of measurement and communication. However, the flow between information, energy and mechanics in chemical systems remains largely unexplored. Here we analyse a minimalist autonomous chemically driven molecular motor in terms of information thermodynamics, a framework that quantitatively relates information to other thermodynamic parameters. The treatment reveals how directional motion is generated by free energy transfer from chemical to mechanical (conformational and/or co-conformational) processes by 'energy flow' and 'information flow'. It provides a thermodynamic level of understanding of molecular motors that is general, complements previous analyses based on kinetics and has practical implications for machine design. In line with kinetic analysis, we find that power strokes do not affect the directionality of chemically driven machines. However, we find that power strokes can modulate motor velocity, the efficiency of free energy transfer and the number of fuel molecules consumed per cycle. This may help explain the role of such (co-)conformational changes in biomachines and illustrates the interplay between energy and information in chemical systems.
TL;DR: In this article , a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, patients 11-55 years of age with EoE and dysphagia were randomized 2:1 to receive budesonide oral suspension (BOS) 2.0 mg twice daily or placebo for 12 weeks at academic or community care practices.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of benzotriazole (Bz) fused-ring π-core has been designed and synthesized for organic solar cells (OSCs), and the molecular packing of mBzS-4F, AN6SBO-4Fs, and EHN6SEH-4f single crystals was analyzed using X-ray crystallography in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between the molecular structure, the charge-transporting properties, and the solar cell performance.
Abstract: The rapid development of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) with strong near-infrared absorption has led to remarkably enhanced short-circuit current density (Jsc) values in organic solar cells (OSCs). NFAs based on the benzotriazole (Bz) fused-ring π-core have great potential in delivering both high Jsc and decent open-circuit voltage values due to their strong intramolecular charge transfer with reasonably low energy loss. In this work, we have designed and synthesized a series of Bz-based NFAs, PN6SBO-4F, AN6SBO-4F and EHN6SEH-4F, via regiospecific N-alkyl engineering based on the high-performance NFA mBzS-4F that was reported previously. The molecular packing of mBzS-4F, AN6SBO-4F, and EHN6SEH-4F single crystals was analyzed using X-ray crystallography in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between the molecular structure, the charge-transporting properties, and the solar cell performance. Compared with the typical honeycomb single-crystal structure of Y6 derivatives, these NFAs exhibit distinctly different molecular packing patterns. The strong interactions of terminal indanone groups in mBzS-4F and the J-aggregate-like packing in EHN6SEH-4F lead to the formation of ordered 3D networks in single-crystals with channels for efficient charge transport. Consequently, OSCs based on mBzS-4F and EHN6SEH-4F show efficient photon-to-current conversions, achieving the highest power conversion efficiency of 17.48% with a Jsc of 28.83 mA cm−2.
TL;DR: The authors showed that defective efferocytosis by macrophages after experimental myocardial infarction (MI) led to a reduction in cardiac lymphangiogenesis and Vegfc expression.
Abstract: Clearance of dying cells by efferocytosis is necessary for cardiac repair after myocardial infarction (MI). Recent reports have suggested a protective role for vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) during acute cardiac lymphangiogenesis after MI. Here, we report that defective efferocytosis by macrophages after experimental MI led to a reduction in cardiac lymphangiogenesis and Vegfc expression. Cell-intrinsic evidence for efferocytic induction of Vegfc was revealed after adding apoptotic cells to cultured primary macrophages, which subsequently triggered Vegfc transcription and VEGFC secretion. Similarly, cardiac macrophages elevated Vegfc expression levels after MI, and mice deficient for myeloid Vegfc exhibited impaired ventricular contractility, adverse tissue remodeling, and reduced lymphangiogenesis. These results were observed in mouse models of permanent coronary occlusion and clinically relevant ischemia and reperfusion. Interestingly, myeloid Vegfc deficiency also led to increases in acute infarct size, prior to the amplitude of the acute cardiac lymphangiogenesis response. RNA-Seq and cardiac flow cytometry revealed that myeloid Vegfc deficiency was also characterized by a defective inflammatory response, and macrophage-produced VEGFC was directly effective at suppressing proinflammatory macrophage activation. Taken together, our findings indicate that cardiac macrophages promote healing through the promotion of myocardial lymphangiogenesis and the suppression of inflammatory cytokines.
TL;DR: In this paper , a mesostructured Ti3C2Tx MXene/ZnO nanorod hybrid was developed for optoelectronic NO2 sensors with high response, high sensing rate, sub-ppb detecting limit and superior reproducibility and reversibility.
Abstract: Here, a kind of novel Ti3C2Tx MXene/ZnO nanorod hybrids was reported for optoelectronic NO2 sensors with high response, high sensing rate, sub-ppb detecting limit and superior reproducibility and reversibility. A facile anchored growth method was developed to obtain mesostructured Ti3C2Tx MXene/ZnO nanorod hybrids with a surface area of 146.8 m2/g. The sensor based on MXene/ZnO nanorod hybrids demonstrated greatly enhanced optoelectronic and gas-sensing performance to ppb-leveled NO2 upon UV illumination, in comparison with pure ZnO nanorods. The sensing responses to 5–200 ppb NO2 ranged from 21% to 346% at ambient temperatures, and the response time was 17 s and the recovery time was 24 s (to 50 ppb NO2). Moreover, the mesoporous hybrids exhibited the features of superior reversibility, sub-ppb detection limit (down to 0.2 ppb) and high selectivity to NO2. The extraordinary UV-activated NO2-sensing property was ascribed to the hierarchical mesostructure in addition to the effective photocarrier separation rendered by the highly photoconductive Ti3C2Tx MXene. This work demonstrates that rationally designed MXene-metal oxide hybrid sensitive materials are promising candidates for high-performance UV-activated NO2 sensor operated at ambient temperature.
TL;DR: In this article, a short, 7-d treatment of preweaned male mice with high-dose ABX is associated with reductions of Aβ amyloidosis, plaque-localized microglia morphologies, and Aβ-associated degenerative changes at 9 wk of age in male mice only.
Abstract: We previously demonstrated that lifelong antibiotic (ABX) perturbations of the gut microbiome in male APPPS1-21 mice lead to reductions in amyloid β (Aβ) plaque pathology and altered phenotypes of plaque-associated microglia. Here, we show that a short, 7-d treatment of preweaned male mice with high-dose ABX is associated with reductions of Aβ amyloidosis, plaque-localized microglia morphologies, and Aβ-associated degenerative changes at 9 wk of age in male mice only. More importantly, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from transgenic (Tg) or WT male donors into ABX-treated male mice completely restored Aβ amyloidosis, plaque-localized microglia morphologies, and Aβ-associated degenerative changes. Transcriptomic studies revealed significant differences between vehicle versus ABX-treated male mice and FMT from Tg mice into ABX-treated mice largely restored the transcriptome profiles to that of the Tg donor animals. Finally, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor-mediated depletion of microglia in ABX-treated male mice failed to reduce cerebral Aβ amyloidosis. Thus, microglia play a critical role in driving gut microbiome-mediated alterations of cerebral Aβ deposition.
TL;DR: In this paper, a microcantilever-based optical detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigenic proteins in just few minutes with high specificity by employing fluidic-atomic force microscopy (f-AFM) mediated nanomechanical deflection method.
TL;DR: In this paper , a low-temperature prepared Cs2AgBiBr6 perovskite photodetectors (PDs) were fabricated at first and showed high device performance with the switching ratio of 1.66 × 104, the linear dynamic range of 100 dB, the detectivity of up to 1.87 × 1012 Jones, and their flexible Cs 2AgBiBR6 pervskite PDs also achieved a good flexible stability.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview of recent work that sets the stage for future high-throughput computational screening and machine learning studies involving metal-organic frameworks (MOF catalysts).
Abstract: Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely investigated for challenging catalytic transformations due to their well-defined structures and high degree of synthetic tunability. These features, at least in principle, make MOFs ideally suited for a computational approach towards catalyst design and discovery. Nonetheless, the widespread use of data science and machine learning to accelerate the discovery of MOF catalysts has yet to be substantially realized. In this review, we provide an overview of recent work that sets the stage for future high-throughput computational screening and machine learning studies involving MOF catalysts. This is followed by a discussion of several challenges currently facing the broad adoption of data-centric approaches in MOF computational catalysis, and we share possible solutions that can help propel the field forward.
TL;DR: In this article, a neural network model was developed to identify the correlation between the local thermal features and their corresponding grain structure characteristics, and the inputs and outputs of the neural network were selected based on the governing physics, and a novel way to extract them was proposed.
TL;DR: In this paper , a microcantilever-based optical detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigenic proteins in just few minutes with high specificity by employing fluidic-atomic force microscopy (f-AFM) mediated nanomechanical deflection method.
TL;DR: Desmosomal cadherins are a recent evolutionary innovation that make up the adhesive core of highly specialized intercellular junctions called desmosomes as mentioned in this paper, which are grouped int...
Abstract: Desmosomal cadherins are a recent evolutionary innovation that make up the adhesive core of highly specialized intercellular junctions called desmosomes. Desmosomal cadherins, which are grouped int...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors validated the modified Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST) in cancer caregivers, identify factors associated with financial toxicity in both patients and caregivers, and assess the association of caregiver financial toxicity with patient and caregiver outcomes.
Abstract: Financial toxicity is commonly reported by cancer patients, but few studies have assessed caregiver perceptions. We aimed to validate the modified Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST) in cancer caregivers, identify factors associated with financial toxicity in both patients and caregivers, and assess the association of caregiver financial toxicity with patient and caregiver outcomes. Using a convenience sampling method, 100 dyads of adult cancer patients and a primary caregiver visiting outpatient oncology clinics (Jan–Sep 2019) were recruited. We assessed the internal consistency and convergent and divergent validity of the modified COST. Multivariable analyses identified correlates of financial toxicity. Association of financial toxicity with care non-adherence, lifestyle-altering behaviors (e.g., home refinance/sale, retirement/saving account withdrawal), and quality of life (QOL) was investigated. Recruited patient vs. caregiver characteristics were as follows: mean age: 60.6 vs. 56.5; 34% vs. 46.4% female; 79% vs. 81.4% white. The caregiver COST measure demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.91). In patients, older age (B, 0.3 [95% CI, 0.1–0.4]) and higher annual household income (B, 14.3 [95% CI, 9.3–19.4]) correlated with lower financial toxicity (P < 0.05). In caregivers, lower patient financial toxicity (B, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.2–0.6]) and cancer stages 1–3 (compared to stage 4) (B, 4.6 [95% CI, 0.4–8.8]) correlated with lower financial toxicity (P < 0.05). Increased caregiver financial toxicity correlated with higher care non-adherence in patients, increased lifestyle-altering behaviors, and lower QOL in patients and caregivers (P < 0.05). The COST measure can also be used to assess caregiver financial toxicity. Caregivers’ financial toxicity was associated with negative outcomes for both dyad members.
TL;DR: Zhang et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a deep adversarial anomaly detection (DAAD) method, where an auxiliary task with self-supervised learning is first designed to learn task-specific features.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors demonstrate that subcutaneous delivery via poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(propylene sulfide) polymersome nanocarriers significantly alters rapamycin's cellular biodistribution to repurpose its mechanism of action for tolerance, instead of immunosuppression, and minimize side effects.
Abstract: Standard oral rapamycin (that is, Rapamune) administration is plagued by poor bioavailability and broad biodistribution. Thus, this pleotropic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor has a narrow therapeutic window and numerous side effects and provides inadequate protection to transplanted cells and tissues. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of rapamycin limits its use in parenteral formulations. Here, we demonstrate that subcutaneous delivery via poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(propylene sulfide) polymersome nanocarriers significantly alters rapamycin's cellular biodistribution to repurpose its mechanism of action for tolerance, instead of immunosuppression, and minimize side effects. While oral rapamycin inhibits T cell proliferation directly, subcutaneously administered rapamycin-loaded polymersomes modulate antigen presenting cells in lieu of T cells, significantly improving maintenance of normoglycemia in a clinically relevant, major histocompatibility complex-mismatched, allogeneic, intraportal (liver) islet transplantation model. These results demonstrate the ability of a rationally designed nanocarrier to re-engineer the immunosuppressive mechanism of a drug by controlling cellular biodistribution.
TL;DR: Zhang et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a deep adversarial anomaly detection (DAAD) method, where an auxiliary task with self-supervised learning is first designed to learn task-specific features.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the vibration control of TMDI subjected to wind and seismic loads and obtained closed-form solutions of the control performance via a filter approach, where the computation cost is largely reduced in calculating structural responses and control performance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the vibration control of TMDI subjected to wind and seismic loads and obtained closed-form solutions of the control performance via a filter approach, where the computation cost is largely reduced in calculating structural responses and control performance.
TL;DR: The ability of thermoelectric (TE) materials to convert thermal energy to electricity and vice versa highlights them as a promising candidate for sustainable energy applications as discussed by the authors , however, there is still a prominent need to develop scalable synthesis and flexible manufacturing processes to convert high-efficiency materials into highperformance devices.
Abstract: The ability of thermoelectric (TE) materials to convert thermal energy to electricity and vice versa highlights them as a promising candidate for sustainable energy applications. Despite considerable increases in the figure of merit zT of thermoelectric materials in the past two decades, there is still a prominent need to develop scalable synthesis and flexible manufacturing processes to convert high-efficiency materials into high-performance devices. Scalable printing techniques provide a versatile solution to not only fabricate both inorganic and organic TE materials with fine control over the compositions and microstructures, but also manufacture thermoelectric devices with optimized geometric and structural designs that lead to improved efficiency and system-level performances. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive framework of printing thermoelectric materials and devices by including recent breakthroughs and relevant discussions on TE materials chemistry, ink formulation, flexible or conformable device design, and processing strategies, with an emphasis on additive manufacturing techniques. In addition, we review recent innovations in the flexible, conformal, and stretchable device architectures and highlight state-of-the-art applications of these TE devices in energy harvesting and thermal management. Perspectives of emerging research opportunities and future directions are also discussed. While this review centers on thermoelectrics, the fundamental ink chemistry and printing processes possess the potential for applications to a broad range of energy, thermal and electronic devices.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that iKera cells may serve as a valuable skin epithelial source when, combining with appropriate biocompatible scaffolds, to investigate cutaneous wound healing and skin regeneration.