Institution
University of Göttingen
Education•Göttingen, Germany•
About: University of Göttingen is a education organization based out in Göttingen, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Gene. The organization has 43851 authors who have published 86318 publications receiving 3010295 citations. The organization is also known as: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen & Universität Göttingen.
Topics: Population, Gene, Species richness, Context (language use), Catalysis
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: Modification of the criteria for the diagnosis of restless legs syndrome is modified to better reflect that increased body of knowledge, as well as to clarify slight confusion with the wording of the original criteria.
2,834 citations
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European Institute of Oncology1, Harvard University2, University of Sydney3, Institut Jules Bordet4, Kantonsspital St. Gallen5, University of St. Gallen6, Loyola University Chicago7, Institut Gustave Roussy8, Karolinska Institutet9, University of Bordeaux10, University of Geneva11, University of Pittsburgh12, University of Copenhagen13, University of Newcastle14, Medical University of Vienna15, University of Toronto16, University of Michigan17, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center18, Mayo Clinic19, Gdańsk Medical University20, University of Gothenburg21, Baylor College of Medicine22, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill23, Université libre de Bruxelles24, Netherlands Cancer Institute25, Fudan University26, Kyoto University27, King's College London28, University of Göttingen29, Emory University30
TL;DR: The 13th St Gallen International Breast Cancer Conference (2013) Expert Panel reviewed and endorsed substantial new evidence on aspects of the local and regional therapies for early breast cancer, supporting less extensive surgery to the axilla and shorter durations of radiation therapy.
2,831 citations
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TL;DR: This review summarizes the development and scope of carboxylates as cocatalysts in transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalizations until autumn 2010 and proposes new acronyms, such as CMD (concerted metalationdeprotonation), IES (internal electrophilic substitution), or AMLA (ambiphilic metal ligand activation), which describe related mechanisms.
Abstract: The site-selective formation of carbon-carbon bonds through direct functionalizations of otherwise unreactive carbon-hydrogen bonds constitutes an economically attractive strategy for an overall streamlining of sustainable syntheses. In recent decades, intensive research efforts have led to the development of various reaction conditions for challenging C-H bond functionalizations, among which transition-metal-catalyzed transformations arguably constitute thus far the most valuable tool. For instance, the use of inter alia palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, copper, or iron complexes set the stage for chemo-, site-, diastereo-, and/or enantioselective C-H bond functionalizations. Key to success was generally a detailed mechanistic understanding of the elementary C-H bond metalation step, which depending on the nature of the metal fragment can proceed via several distinct reaction pathways. Traditionally, three different modes of action were primarily considered for CH bond metalations, namely, (i) oxidative addition with electronrich late transition metals, (ii) σ-bond metathesis with early transition metals, and (iii) electrophilic activation with electrondeficient late transition metals (Scheme 1). However, more recent mechanistic studies indicated the existence of a continuum of electrophilic, ambiphilic, and nucleophilic interactions. Within this continuum, detailed experimental and computational analysis provided strong evidence for novel C-H bond metalationmechanisms relying on the assistance of a bifunctional ligand bearing an additional Lewis-basic heteroatom, such as that found in (heteroatom-substituted) secondary phosphine oxides or most prominently carboxylates (Scheme 1, iv). This novel insight into the nature of stoichiometric metalations has served as stimulus for the development of novel transformations based on cocatalytic amounts of carboxylates, which significantly broadened the scope of C-H bond functionalizations in recent years, with most remarkable progress being made in palladiumor ruthenium-catalyzed direct arylations and direct alkylations. These carboxylate-assisted C-H bond transformations were mostly proposed to proceed via a mechanism in which metalation takes place via a concerted base-assisted deprotonation. To mechanistically differentiate these intramolecular metalations new acronyms have recently been introduced into the literature, such as CMD (concerted metalationdeprotonation), IES (internal electrophilic substitution), or AMLA (ambiphilic metal ligand activation), which describe related mechanisms and will be used below where appropriate. This review summarizes the development and scope of carboxylates as cocatalysts in transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalizations until autumn 2010. Moreover, experimental and computational studies on stoichiometric metalation reactions being of relevance to the mechanism of these catalytic processes are discussed as well. Mechanistically related C-H bond cleavage reactions with ruthenium or iridium complexes bearing monodentate ligands are, however, only covered with respect to their working mode, and transformations with stoichiometric amounts of simple acetate bases are solely included when their mechanism was suggested to proceed by acetate-assisted metalation.
2,820 citations
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TL;DR: It is found that cargo is segregated into distinct subdomains on the endosomal membrane and that the transfer of exosome-associated domains into the lumen of theendosome did not depend on the function of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery, but required the sphingolipid ceramide.
Abstract: Intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes are either sorted for cargo degradation into lysosomes or secreted as exosomes into the extracellular milieu. The mechanisms underlying the sorting of membrane into the different populations of intraluminal vesicles are unknown. Here, we find that cargo is segregated into distinct subdomains on the endosomal membrane and that the transfer of exosome-associated domains into the lumen of the endosome did not depend on the function of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery, but required the sphingolipid ceramide. Purified exosomes were enriched in ceramide, and the release of exosomes was reduced after the inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinases. These results establish a pathway in intraendosomal membrane transport and exosome formation.
2,818 citations
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TL;DR: The HADS gives clinically meaningful results as a psychological screening tool, in clinical group comparisons and in correlational studies with several aspects of disease and quality of life.
2,791 citations
Authors
Showing all 44172 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
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Yang Gao | 168 | 2047 | 146301 |
J. S. Lange | 160 | 2083 | 145919 |
Jens J. Holst | 160 | 1536 | 107858 |
Hans Lassmann | 155 | 724 | 79933 |
Walter Paulus | 149 | 809 | 86252 |
Arnulf Quadt | 135 | 1409 | 123441 |
Elizaveta Shabalina | 133 | 1421 | 92273 |
Ernst Detlef Schulze | 133 | 670 | 69504 |
Mark Stitt | 132 | 456 | 60800 |
Meinrat O. Andreae | 131 | 700 | 72714 |
Teja Tscharntke | 130 | 520 | 70554 |
William C. Hahn | 130 | 448 | 72191 |
Vladimir Cindro | 129 | 1157 | 82000 |
Dave Britton | 129 | 1094 | 84187 |
Johannes Haller | 129 | 1178 | 84813 |