Institution
University of Michigan
Education•Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States•
About: University of Michigan is a education organization based out in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Computer science & Chemistry. The organization has 138538 authors who have published 342338 publications receiving 17638979 citations. The organization is also known as: UMich & UM.
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TL;DR: This chapter summarizes key work in this area with a particular focus on chronic disease outcomes (specifically obesity and related risk factors) and mental health ( specifically depression and depressive symptoms) and empirical work is classified into two main eras.
Abstract: Features of neighborhoods or residential environments may affect health and contribute to social and race/ethnic inequalities in health. The study of neighborhood health effects has grown exponentially over the past 15 years. This chapter summarizes key work in this area with a particular focus on chronic disease outcomes (specifically obesity and related risk factors) and mental health (specifically depression and depressive symptoms). Empirical work is classified into two main eras: studies that use census proxies and studies that directly measure neighborhood attributes using a variety of approaches. Key conceptual and methodological challenges in studying neighborhood health effects are reviewed. Existing gaps in knowledge and promising new directions in the field are highlighted.
2,471 citations
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TL;DR: The current understanding of the role of cyclooxygenase‐1 and ‐2 in different physiological situations and disease processes ranging from inflammation to cancer is summarized.
Abstract: Cyclooxygenase (COX), the key enzyme required for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins was first identified over 20 years ago. Drugs, like aspirin, that inhibit cyclooxygenase activity have been available to the public for about 100 years. In the past decade, however, more progress has been made in understanding the role of cyclooxygenase enzymes in biology and disease than at any other time in history. Two cyclooxygenase isoforms have been identified and are referred to as COX-1 and COX-2. Under many circumstances the COX-1 enzyme is produced constitutively (i.e., gastric mucosa) whereas COX-2 is inducible (i.e., sites of inflammation). Here, we summarize the current understanding of the role of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in different physiological situations and disease processes ranging from inflammation to cancer. We have attempted to include all of the most relevant material in the field, but due to the rapid progress in this area of research we apologize that certain recent findings may have been left out.
2,447 citations
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University of Miami1, University of Alabama at Birmingham2, Stanford University3, George Washington University4, Indiana University5, Rush University Medical Center6, Queen's University7, SUNY Downstate Medical Center8, North Shore-LIJ Health System9, Johns Hopkins University10, University of Michigan11, The Queen's Medical Center12, University of Pittsburgh13, Washington University in St. Louis14, Northeast Ohio Medical University15, University of Kansas16
TL;DR: Clinical criteria for the classification of symptomatic idiopathic (primary) osteoarthritis of the hands were developed from data collected in a multicenter study and required that at least 3 of these 4 criteria be present to classify a patient as having OA of the hand.
Abstract: Clinical criteria for the classification of patients with hip pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA) were developed through a multicenter study. Data from 201 patients who had experienced hip pain for most days of the prior month were analyzed. The comparison group of patients had other causes of hip pain, such as rheumatoid arthritis or spondylarthropathy. Variables from the medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and radiographs were used to develop different sets of criteria to serve different investigative purposes. Multivariate methods included the traditional "number of criteria present" format and "classification tree" techniques. Clinical criteria: A classification tree was developed, without radiographs, for clinical and laboratory criteria or for clinical criteria alone. A patient was classified as having hip OA if pain was present in combination with either 1) hip internal rotation greater than or equal to 15 degrees, pain present on internal rotation of the hip, morning stiffness of the hip for less than or equal to 60 minutes, and age greater than 50 years, or 2) hip internal rotation less than 15 degrees and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) less than or equal to 45 mm/hour; if no ESR was obtained, hip flexion less than or equal to 115 degrees was substituted (sensitivity 86%; specificity 75%). Clinical plus radiographic criteria: The traditional format combined pain with at least 2 of the following 3 criteria: osteophytes (femoral or acetabular), joint space narrowing (superior, axial, and/or medial), and ESR less than 20 mm/hour (sensitivity 89%; specificity 91%). The radiographic presence of osteophytes best separated OA patients and controls by the classification tree method (sensitivity 89%; specificity 91%). The "number of criteria present" format yielded criteria and levels of sensitivity and specificity similar to those of the classification tree for the combined clinical and radiographic criteria set. For the clinical criteria set, the classification tree provided much greater specificity. The value of the radiographic presence of an osteophyte in separating patients with OA of the hip from those with hip pain of other causes is emphasized.
2,447 citations
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TL;DR: The authors review the available empirical evidence and indicates that discrimination is associated with multiple indicators of poorer physical and, especially, mental health status, but the extant research does not adequately address whether and how exposure to discrimination leads to increased risk of disease.
Abstract: The authors review the available empirical evidence from population-based studies of the association between perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination and health. This research indicates that discrimination is associated with multiple indicators of poorer physical and, especially, mental health status. However, the extant research does not adequately address whether and how exposure to discrimination leads to increased risk of disease. Gaps in the literature include limitations linked to measurement of discrimination, research designs, and inattention to the way in which the association between discrimination and health unfolds over the life course. Research on stress points to important directions for the future assessment of discrimination and the testing of the underlying processes and mechanisms by which discrimination can lead to changes in health. (Am J Public Health. 2003;93:200-208)
2,433 citations
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TL;DR: Blood pressure was reduced by both treatments, but the effects of the amlodipine-based regimen were more pronounced, especially in the early period, which emphasise the importance of prompt blood-pressure control in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk.
2,432 citations
Authors
Showing all 142736 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Walter C. Willett | 334 | 2399 | 413322 |
Robert Langer | 281 | 2324 | 326306 |
Ronald C. Kessler | 274 | 1332 | 328983 |
Graham A. Colditz | 261 | 1542 | 256034 |
George M. Whitesides | 240 | 1739 | 269833 |
Salim Yusuf | 231 | 1439 | 252912 |
Richard A. Flavell | 231 | 1328 | 205119 |
John Q. Trojanowski | 226 | 1467 | 213948 |
Irving L. Weissman | 201 | 1141 | 172504 |
Francis S. Collins | 196 | 743 | 250787 |
Eric B. Rimm | 196 | 988 | 147119 |
Robert M. Califf | 196 | 1561 | 167961 |
Martin White | 196 | 2038 | 232387 |
Craig B. Thompson | 195 | 557 | 173172 |
Eric J. Topol | 193 | 1373 | 151025 |