Showing papers in "Vaccine in 2008"

TL;DR: The influenza virus genome and function of its viral proteins enable antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which result in viruses able to evade the long-term adaptive immune responses in many hosts.

TL;DR: Across the spectrum of cervical lesions, HPV-16 is consistently the most common HPV type contributing to 50-55% of invasive cervical cancer cases strongly suggesting that this viral type has a biological advantage for transmission, persistency and transformation.

TL;DR: The greater sensitivity of HPV DNA testing compared to cytology argues strongly for using HPVDNA testing as the primary screening test in newly implemented programmes, except where resources are extremely limited and only programmes based on visual inspection are affordable.

TL;DR: The effective implementation of such programmes of vaccination has resulted in a substantial decrease in disease burden, in the carrier rate and in hepatitis B-related morbidity and mortality.

TL;DR: An influenza A vaccine that is refractory to the genetic instability of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase and includes a trigger of the innate immune response to enhance immunogenicity and efficacy is described.

TL;DR: Evidence linking HPV in the epidemiology and etiology of cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx is summarized and recent estimates of the burden of and HPV type distribution in genital warts and in cases of HPV infection of the airways are presented.

TL;DR: The pathology of human influenza has been studied most intensively during the three pandemics of the last century, but it is important to revisit this subject because of the recent emergence of avian H5N1 influenza in humans as well as the threat of a new pandemic.

TL;DR: This review focuses on recent publications of clinical trials of two prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines: Gardasil and Cervarix, which have led to the approval by national regulatory agencies in a number of countries.

TL;DR: TRP2/7-acyl lipid A-NP treated group has shown immunostimulatory milieu at the tumor microenvironment, as evidenced by increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to control group.

TL;DR: This work states that new delivery systems currently in development facilitate convenient intradermal vaccination, unlocking the potential advantages of this delivery route, and potentially transforming vaccine delivery.

TL;DR: It is found that the efficiency of cross-priming in mice after vaccination with biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres (MSs) was enhanced when ovalbumin was coencapsulated together with either a CpG oligonucleotide or polyI:C.

TL;DR: It is mandatory that vaccine trialists recruit a representative sample of females and males to be able to assess sex-differences in immune response with vaccines in humans which may have clinical implications.

TL;DR: Reports of adverse events following YF vaccination reported to the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System from 2000 to 2006 reinforce the generally acceptable safety profile of YF vaccine, but highlight the importance of physician and traveler education regarding the risks and benefits of Yf vaccination, particularly for travelers > or =60 years of age.

TL;DR: The safety and immunogenicity of a SARS DNA vaccine in a Phase I human study was well tolerated and produced cellular immune responses and neutralizing antibody in healthy adults.

TL;DR: This review supports the hypothesis that MF59 is a safe adjuvant for human use and summarizes the main characteristics of the MF59 adjuant, including animal testing, clinical experience with various vaccines, and information from current postmarketing surveillance data.

TL;DR: Improved evaluation of screening programs is necessary to increase the impact of screening on the reduction of incidence and mortality, and other programmatic aspects will need to be addressed such as follow-up of positive tests and quality control.

TL;DR: The World Health Organization Global Influenza Surveillance Network (WHO GISN) tracks and analyzes the evolution and epidemiology of influenza viruses for the primary purpose of vaccine strain selection and to improve the strain selection process through studies aimed at better understanding virus evolution and Epidemiology.

TL;DR: Compared with the VLP immunization, immunization with denatured VLP and heat-inactivated EV71 elicited lower neutralization titers and conferred less effective protection to newborn mice, although they induced comparable levels of total IgG and cellular immune responses.

TL;DR: The efficacy of a subunit vaccine containing PCV2 capsid protein was evaluated by using a challenge model with four differentPCV2 isolates of different genotype and geographic origin and prevented the development of viremia in all cases as well as significantly decreased nasal and faecal shedding of the virus.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that vaccination against PCV2 alone can significantly improve the overall growth performance of pigs in a multi-factorial, late occurring disease complex such as PRDC.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the plant viral transient expression system provides a robust research tool to generate abundant quantities of rNV as enriched, concentrated VLP preparations that are orally immunogenic.

TL;DR: The Adjuvant Systems containing MPL/QS21, in combination with hepatitis B surface antigen, induced very strong humoral and cellular immune responses in healthy adults and can be fundamental to develop effective prophylactic vaccines against complex pathogens, e.g. malaria, HIV infection and tuberculosis.

TL;DR: It is found that even parents favourable to vaccination can be confused by the ongoing debate, leading them to question their choices, and opportunities for education may be missed if paediatricians do not appreciate parents' specific information needs.

TL;DR: Rec reproducible data with fewer dilutions of samples is obtained by addition of serially diluted standard serum to each ELISA plate by using a single dilution method.

TL;DR: According to the different types of infection caused by P. aeruginosa--localized on mucosal surfaces such as the airways or systemic infection in the blood stream--several potential routes suggesting optimal means to administer the experimental vaccines are presented.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the DNA prime-protein boost approach is an effective immunization method to elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in humans, and that a polyvalent Env formulation could generate broad immune responses against HIV-1 viruses with diverse genetic backgrounds.

TL;DR: This review is focused on vaccine candidates that show any efficacy against leishmaniasis and that are already in different phase trials and are likely to be licensed and used in Public Health control programs in the fore coming 25 years.

TL;DR: Chikungunya virus is an emerging alphavirus that has caused major epidemics in India and islands off the east coast of Africa since 2005 and importations into Europe and the Americas underscore the risk of endemic establishment elsewhere.

TL;DR: Provided high coverage of young adolescent girls is feasible, and vaccine costs are lowered, HPV 16,18 vaccination could be very cost-effective even in the poorest countries, and provide comparable value for resources to other new vaccines such as rotavirus.

TL;DR: The data presented here demonstrate that chronic worm infection reduces the immunogenicity of BCG in humans and this was associated with increased TGF-beta production but not with enhanced Th2 immune response.