Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 2014"

TL;DR: A new light-measurement strategy taking account of the complex photoreceptive inputs to these non-visual responses is proposed for use by researchers, and simple suggestions for artificial/architectural lighting are provided for regulatory authorities, lighting manufacturers, designers, and engineers.

TL;DR: It is argued that exposure to acute stress prompts a reallocation of resources to a salience network, promoting fear and vigilance, at the cost of an executive control network after stress subsides, which normalizes emotional reactivity and enhances higher-order cognitive processes important for long-term survival.

TL;DR: The Zebrafish is emerging as a new important species for studying mechanisms of brain function and dysfunction and the potential of zebrafish models in behavioral phenomics and high-throughput genetic/small molecule screening, which is critical for CNS drug discovery and identifying novel candidate genes.

TL;DR: It is suggested that recent studies have led to a convergence on three functional pathways: (i) chromatin remodeling; (ii) wnt signaling during development; and (iii) synaptic function.

TL;DR: It is explained how oscillatory tDCS can elucidate the role of fluctuations in neural activity, in both frequency and phase, in perception, learning, and memory.

TL;DR: A framework in which inhibitory alpha oscillations limit and prioritize neuronal processing is proposed, which serves to convert spatially distributed representations in early visual regions to a temporal phase code: that is, 'to-do lists' that can be processed sequentially by downstream regions.

TL;DR: Emerging evidence casts parkin and PINK1 as key players in multiple domains of mitochondrial health and quality control in Parkinson's disease.

TL;DR: A neural MFC microcircuit model is proposed for processing conflict and generating theta oscillations and makes several novel predictions for the causes and consequences of MFC theta and conflict processing, and may be relevant for understanding the neural implementations of related cognitive processes.

TL;DR: The exact nature and pathophysiology of fatigue remain largely elusive despite its high prevalence in physically ill patients as mentioned in this paper, however, studies on the relationship between the immune system and the central nervous system provide a new perspective on the mechanisms of fatigue.

TL;DR: Therapies targeting K+ channels may provide improved pain relief in neurons of the pain pathway because they are crucial determinants of neuronal excitability.

TL;DR: This work draws on recent studies to suggest a link between light NREM and active potentiation, and between deep N REM and homeostatic regulation, and could serve as a key for interpreting the physiology of sleep stages and reconciling inconsistencies in terminology.

TL;DR: In Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies, Tau sorting mechanisms fail and Tau becomes missorted into the somatodendritic compartment, and the underlying mechanisms, and effects in disease are focused on.

TL;DR: Different strands of evidence are drawn together in support of an emerging understanding of how dopamine dysregulation may lead to aberrant salience and psychotic symptoms.

TL;DR: It is argued that cortical neurons should be grouped based on their function rather than on their submodality composition, as most natural stimuli excite all afferents and most tactile percepts are shaped by multiple submodalities.

TL;DR: To maximise the relevance of basic research to the clinical setting, it is necessary to integrate more human-based research into current biomedical research practise and practical steps towards this aim are discussed.

TL;DR: Dysfunction of molecular pathways, including glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, has been identified in sporadic and familial ALS, indicating the existence of a common pathogenic pathway and novel therapeutic approaches have been suggested, providing hope for feasible treatment of ALS.

TL;DR: Recent advances in the understanding and treatment of epileptic seizures that derive from a non-neurocentric viewpoint are summarized and key avenues for future research are suggested.

TL;DR: A review of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity in nociceptive pathways is presented in this article, where new insights derived from these advances are expected to expedite development of novel interventional approaches for treatment of pathological pain.

TL;DR: This review summarizes current knowledge on the neural circuits that control social status and discusses how the neural mechanisms for various types of dominance behavior can be studied in laboratory rodents by selective manipulation of neuronal activity or synaptic plasticity.

TL;DR: It is proposed that in cytotoxic edema, energy depletion enhances glymphatic CSF influx, whilst suppressing ISF efflux, and that paravascular inflammation or 'paravasculitis' plays a critical role in vasogenic edema.

TL;DR: This review discusses recent findings regarding the unique organization of the V-SVZ NSC niche, the multiple regulatory controls of neuronal production, the distinct regional identities of adult NSCs, and the epigenetic mechanisms that maintain adult neurogenesis.

TL;DR: This work discusses three neural computational mechanisms that may enable circuits for different actions to operate without interfering with each other and proposes experimental programs for delineating the neural control principles that have evolved to coordinate orofacial behaviors.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the prefrontal cortex facilitates fear memory through the integration of sensory and emotional signals and through the coordination of memory storage in an amygdala-based network.

TL;DR: It is suggested that place fields are primarily determined by environmental sensory inputs, and grid cells provide a complementary path integration input and large-scale spatial metric.

TL;DR: Findings from numerous rodent studies of stress and alcohol interactions are synthesized to identify several attractive targets for novel treatments of alcohol abuse and addiction.

TL;DR: The clinical and neuropathological phenotype of FTD patients carrying mutations in the progranulin gene is reviewed, which suggests that progranul-mediated neurodegeneration is multifactorial and influenced by other genetic and/or environmental factors.

TL;DR: Clinical and basic neuroscience evidence indicates that RBD results from breakdown of the network underlying REM sleep atonia, and this finding is important because it opens new avenues for treating RBD and understanding its link to neurodegenerative disorders.

TL;DR: Additional research is needed to determine whether neuronal and glial telomeres shorten during aging and in neurodegenerative disorders, if and how LTL is related to brain cell telomere shortening, and whether telomer shortening plays a causal role in or exacerbates neurological disorders.

TL;DR: The structure, function, subcellular localization, and expression patterns of CaMKII isoforms are reviewed, as well as recent advances demonstrating that disturbances in these properties may contribute to psychiatric disorders.

TL;DR: Using animal models, preliminary work is beginning to uncover differences between young and aged rodents that may help address the deficits seen in humans, but many questions remain unanswered.