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Animal species and evolution

Ernst Mayr
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The article was published on 1963-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 7870 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Species problem.

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Fluctuating selection: the perpetual renewal of adaptation in variable environments.

TL;DR: The traditional gradualist scheme of weak selection acting on polygenic variation should be supplemented by the view that adaptation is often based on oligogenic variation exposed to commonplace, strong, fluctuating natural selection.
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Evolution in the Fast Lane: Rapidly Evolving Sex-Related Genes in Drosophila

TL;DR: A relatively high proportion of SRR genes have experienced accelerated divergence throughout the genus Drosophila, and several testis-specific genes, male seminal fluid proteins (SFPs), and spermatogenesis genes show lineage-specific bursts of accelerated evolution and positive selection.
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Bottlenecks and broomsticks: the molecular evolution of Mycobacterium bovis

TL;DR: It is described how these forces have shaped not only the phylogeny of this group but also, at a very local level, the population structure of Mycobacterium bovis in the British Isles.
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Genomic divergence during speciation: causes and consequences.

TL;DR: This issue draws upon empirical studies in plants and animals, and theoretical work, to review and further document patterns of genomic divergence, and points to how experimental work is now required to move the field from descriptive studies of patterns of divergence towards a predictive framework that tackles the causes and consequences of genome-wide patterns.
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The Biology of Bird-Song Dialects

TL;DR: An account of the principal issues in bird-song dialects: evolution of vocal learning, experimental findings on song ontogeny, dialect descriptions, female and male reactions to differences in dialect, and population genetics and dispersal are given.