Brain sex differences and hormone influences: a moving experience?
Stuart A. Tobet,J. G. Knoll,C. A. Hartshorn,Emily R. Aurand,Matthew S. Stratton,P. Kumar,Brian T. Searcy,Kristy M. McClellan +7 more
TLDR
Sex differences in cell positions in the developing hypothalamus, and steroid hormone influences on cell movements in vitro, suggest that cell migration may be one target for early molecular actions that impact brain development and sexual differentiation.Abstract:
Sex differences in the nervous system come in many forms. Although a majority of sexually dimorphic characteristics in the brain have been described in older animals, mechanisms that determine sexually differentiated brain characteristics often operate during critical perinatal periods. Both genetic and hormonal factors likely contribute to physiological mechanisms in development to generate the ontogeny of sexual dimorphisms in brain. Relevant mechanisms may include neurogenesis, cell migration, cell differentiation, cell death, axon guidance and synaptogenesis. On a molecular level, there are several ways to categorise factors that drive brain development. These range from the actions of transcription factors in cell nuclei that regulate the expression of genes that control cell development and differentiation, to effector molecules that directly contribute to signalling from one cell to another. In addition, several peptides or proteins in these and other categories might be referred to as ‘biomarkers’ of sexual differentiation with undetermined functions in development or adulthood. Although a majority of sex differences are revealed as a direct consequence of hormone actions, some may only be revealed after genetic or environmental disruption. Sex differences in cell positions in the developing hypothalamus, and steroid hormone influences on cell movements in vitro, suggest that cell migration may be one target for early molecular actions that impact brain development and sexual differentiation.read more
Citations
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Early Life Programming and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Tracy L. Bale,Tallie Z. Baram,Alan S. Brown,Jill M. Goldstein,Thomas R. Insel,Margaret M. McCarthy,Charles B. Nemeroff,Teresa M. Reyes,Richard B. Simerly,Ezra Susser,Eric J. Nestler +10 more
TL;DR: Consideration of the early life programming and transcriptional regulation in adult exposures supports a critical need to understand epigenetic mechanisms as a critical determinant in disease predisposition.
Journal ArticleDOI
Estrogen Actions in the Brain and the Basis for Differential Action in Men and Women: A Case for Sex-Specific Medicines
Glenda Gillies,Simon McArthur +1 more
TL;DR: This review focuses on sex dimorphisms in the ability of estradiol to influence synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, neurodegeneration, and cognition, which, it is argued, are due in a large part to sex differences in the organization of the underlying circuitry.
Journal ArticleDOI
A genomic atlas of mouse hypothalamic development
Tomomi Shimogori,Daniel A. Lee,Ana M. Miranda-Angulo,Yanqin Yang,Hong Wang,Lizhi Jiang,Aya C. Yoshida,Ayane Kataoka,Hiromi Mashiko,Marina Avetisyan,Marina Avetisyan,Lixin Qi,Lixin Qi,Jiang Qian,Seth Blackshaw +14 more
TL;DR: A detailed molecular atlas of the developing hypothalamus was constructed and markers that stably labeled each major hypothalamic nucleus over the entire course of neurogenesis were used to analyze the phenotype of mice in which Sonic Hedgehog was selectively deleted from hypothalamic neuroepithelium and found that Shh is essential for anterior hypothalamic patterning.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex Differences in Adolescent Depression: Do Sex Hormones Determine Vulnerability?
TL;DR: The role of sex steroids in mood regulation, hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis maturation and sexual differentiation of the brain, with a focus on hippocampal plasticity is addressed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Protective Action of Neurotrophic Factors and Estrogen against Oxidative Stress-Mediated Neurodegeneration.
Tadahiro Numakawa,Tomoya Matsumoto,Yumiko Numakawa,Misty Richards,Shigeto Yamawaki,Hiroshi Kunugi +5 more
TL;DR: Recent studies addressing the protective mechanisms of neurotrophic factors and estrogen within the oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration system are discussed.
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