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Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis
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TLDR
It is proposed that this chemical selectively damages cells in the substantia nigra in patients who developed marked parkinsonism after using an illicit drug intravenously.Abstract:
Four persons developed marked parkinsonism after using an illicit drug intravenously. Analysis of the substance injected by two of these patients revealed primarily 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) with trace amounts of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxy-piperidine (MPPP). On the basis of the striking parkinsonian features observed in our patients, and additional pathological data from one previously reported case, it is proposed that this chemical selectively damages cells in the substantia nigra.read more
Citations
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Genetics of Parkinson's Disease
TL;DR: The identification of a missense mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene in four independent PD families suggests that at least some fraction of familial PD with diffuse Lewy bodies is the result of an abnormal protein that interferes with normal protein degradation leading to the development of inclusions and ultimately neuronal cell death.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson Disease.
TL;DR: The mutations of main seven genes linked to Parkinson disease are summarized, the potential mechanisms for the loss of dopaminergic neurons are discussed, the development direction for treatment of PD is expected, and the findings from scientists are conducive to understand the pathological mechanisms.
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Nonhuman primate models of Parkinson's disease.
TL;DR: A critical review of available PD monkey models, their utilization, and how they compare to emerging views of PD as a multietiologic, multisystemic disease is provided.
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Progressive dopamine neuron loss in Parkinson's disease: the multiple hit hypothesis
TL;DR: The multiple hit hypothesis of PD—that is, the effect of more then one risk factor—may be the start of new era in animal models of PD that is one step closer to mimicking the pathology of PD in humans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neurotoxin-Induced Animal Models of Parkinson Disease: Pathogenic Mechanism and Assessment:
TL;DR: This review will highlight the pathogenic mechanisms of those neurotoxins and summarize different neurotoxic animal models with the hope to help researchers choose among them accurately and to promote the development of modeling PD.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Chronic Parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues.
Glenn C. Davis,Adrian C. Williams,Sanford P. Markey,Michael H. Ebert,Eric D. Caine,Cheryl M. Reichert,Irwin J. Kopin +6 more
TL;DR: Biogenic amines and metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid and microscopic evaluation of the brain at necropsy were consistent with damage to aminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.
Journal ArticleDOI
Apraxia of lid opening
Jack E. Goldstein,David G. Cogan +1 more
TL;DR: Apraxia of lid opening is a nonparalytic motor abnormality characterized by the patient's difficulty in initiating the act of lid elevation and differs from paralytic ptosis by being present only momentarily at the start of lidOpening.
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