Cluster-randomised controlled trials of individual and combined water, sanitation, hygiene and nutritional interventions in rural Bangladesh and Kenya: the WASH Benefits study design and rationale.
Benjamin F. Arnold,Clair Null,Clair Null,Stephen P. Luby,Leanne Unicomb,Christine P. Stewart,Kathryn G. Dewey,Tahmeed Ahmed,Tahmeed Ahmed,Sania Ashraf,Garret Christensen,Garret Christensen,Thomas Clasen,Holly N. Dentz,Holly N. Dentz,Lia C. H. Fernald,Rashidul Haque,Alan Hubbard,Patricia Kariger,Elli Leontsini,Audrie Lin,Sammy M. Njenga,Amy J. Pickering,Pavani K. Ram,Fahmida Tofail,Peter J. Winch,John M. Colford +26 more
TLDR
The objective of the WASH Benefits study is to help fill this knowledge gap by assessing improvements in water quality, sanitation, handwashing and child nutrition—alone and in combination—to rural households with pregnant women in Kenya and Bangladesh.Abstract:
Introduction: Enteric infections are common during the first years of life in low-income countries and contribute to growth faltering with long-term impairment of health and development. Water quality, sanitation, handwashing and nutritional interventions can independently reduce enteric infections and growth faltering. There is little evidence that directly compares the effects of these individual and combined interventions on diarrhoea and growth when delivered to infants and young children. The objective of the WASH Benefits study is to help fill this knowledge gap. Methods and analysis: WASH Benefits includes two cluster-randomised trials to assess improvements in water quality, sanitation, handwashing and child nutrition—alone and in combination—to rural households with pregnant women in Kenya and Bangladesh. Geographically matched clusters (groups of household compounds in Bangladesh and villages in Kenya) will be randomised to one of six intervention arms or control. Intervention arms include water quality, sanitation, handwashing, nutrition, combined water+sanitation+handwashing (WSH) and WSH +nutrition. The studies will enrol newborn children (N=5760 in Bangladesh and N=8000 in Kenya) and measure outcomes at 12 and 24 months after intervention delivery. Primary outcomes include child length-for-age Z-scores and caregiver-reported diarrhoea. Secondary outcomes include stunting prevalence, markers of environmental enteropathy and child development scores (verbal, motor and personal/ social). We will estimate unadjusted and adjusted intention-to-treat effects using semiparametric estimators and permutation tests.read more
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The Lancet Commission on pollution and health
Philip J. Landrigan,Richard Fuller,Nereus J R Acosta,Olusoji Adeyi,Robert G. Arnold,Niladri Basu,Abdoulaye Bibi Baldé,Roberto Bertollini,Stephan Bose-O'Reilly,Stephan Bose-O'Reilly,Jo Ivey Boufford,Patrick N. Breysse,Thomas C. Chiles,Chulabhorn Mahidol,Awa M Coll-Seck,Maureen L. Cropper,Julius N. Fobil,Valentin Fuster,Valentin Fuster,Michael Greenstone,Andy Haines,David Hanrahan,David J. Hunter,Mukesh Khare,Alan Krupnick,Bruce P. Lanphear,Bindu Lohani,Keith Martin,Karen V Mathiasen,Maureen A. McTeer,Christopher J L Murray,Johanita D Ndahimananjara,Frederica P. Perera,Janez Potočnik,Alexander S Preker,Alexander S Preker,Jairam Ramesh,Johan Rockström,Carlos Salinas,Leona D. Samson,Karti Sandilya,Peter D. Sly,Kirk R. Smith,Achim Steiner,Richard B. Stewart,William A. Suk,Onno C. P. van Schayck,Gautam N. Yadama,Kandeh K. Yumkella,Ma Zhong +49 more
TL;DR: This book is dedicated to the memory of those who have served in the armed forces and their families during the conflicts of the twentieth century.
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Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomised controlled trial.
Stephen P. Luby,Mahbubur Rahman,Benjamin F. Arnold,Leanne Unicomb,Sania Ashraf,Peter J. Winch,Christine P. Stewart,Farzana Begum,Faruqe Hussain,Jade Benjamin-Chung,Elli Leontsini,Abu Mohd Naser,Sarker Masud Parvez,Alan Hubbard,Audrie Lin,Fosiul A. Nizame,Kaniz Jannat,Ayse Ercumen,Pavani K. Ram,Kishor K. Das,Jaynal Abedin,Thomas Clasen,Kathryn G. Dewey,Lia C. H. Fernald,Clair Null,Tahmeed Ahmed,John M. Colford +26 more
TL;DR: The WASH Benefits Bangladesh cluster-randomised trial as mentioned in this paper enrolled pregnant women from villages in rural Bangladesh and evaluated outcomes at 1-year and 2-years' follow-up to assess whether water quality, sanitation, and handwashing interventions alone or combined with nutrition interventions reduced diarrhoea or growth faltering.
Consort
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the consolidated standards of reporting trials (CSTT) for the first time, and propose a set of guidelines for reporting trials, including the following:
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Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea (review).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing interventions aimed at improving the microbiological quality of drinking water with no intervention in children and adults living in settings where diarrhoeal disease is endemic.
Journal ArticleDOI
Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition
TL;DR: Focusing on childhood undernutrition, this review summarizes key recent studies from experimental animals, in vitro models, and human cohorts, and proposes that immune dysfunction is both a cause and a consequence of malnutrition.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimated deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; sum of years lived with disability [YLD] and years of life lost [YLL]) attributable to the independent effects of 67 risk factors and clusters of risk factors for 21 regions in 1990 and 2010.
Journal ArticleDOI
CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
David Moher,Sally Hopewell,Kenneth F. Schulz,Victor M. Montori,Peter C Gøtzsche,Philip J. Devereaux,Diana Elbourne,Matthias Egger,Douglas G. Altman +8 more
TL;DR: This update of the CONSORT statement improves the wording and clarity of the previous checklist and incorporates recommendations related to topics that have only recently received recognition, such as selective outcome reporting bias.
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Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences
Robert E. Black,Lindsay H. Allen,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Laura E. Caulfield,Mercedes de Onis,Majid Ezzati,Colin Mathers,Juan A Rivera +7 more
TL;DR: The high mortality and disease burden resulting from these nutrition-related factors make a compelling case for the urgent implementation of interventions to reduce their occurrence or ameliorate their consequences.
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