Continent-wide risk assessment for the establishment of nonindigenous species in Antarctica
Steven L. Chown,Ad H L Huiskes,N. J. M. Gremmen,Jennifer E Lee,Aleks Terauds,Aleks Terauds,Kim Crosbie,Yves Frenot,Kevin A. Hughes,Satoshi Imura,Kate Kiefer,Marc Lebouvier,Ben Raymond,Megumu Tsujimoto,Megumu Tsujimoto,Chris Ware,Bart Van de Vijver,Dana M. Bergstrom +17 more
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An evidence-based assessment demonstrates which parts of Antarctica are at growing risk from alien species that may become invasive and provides the means to mitigate this threat now and into the future as the continent's climate changes.Abstract:
Invasive alien species are among the primary causes of biodiversity change globally, with the risks thereof broadly understood for most regions of the world. They are similarly thought to be among the most significant conservation threats to Antarctica, especially as climate change proceeds in the region. However, no comprehensive, continent-wide evaluation of the risks to Antarctica posed by such species has been undertaken. Here we do so by sampling, identifying, and mapping the vascular plant propagules carried by all categories of visitors to Antarctica during the International Polar Year's first season (2007–2008) and assessing propagule establishment likelihood based on their identity and origins and on spatial variation in Antarctica's climate. For an evaluation of the situation in 2100, we use modeled climates based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Special Report on Emissions Scenarios Scenario A1B [Nakicenovic N, Swart R, eds (2000) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK)]. Visitors carrying seeds average 9.5 seeds per person, although as vectors, scientists carry greater propagule loads than tourists. Annual tourist numbers (∼33,054) are higher than those of scientists (∼7,085), thus tempering these differences in propagule load. Alien species establishment is currently most likely for the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Recent founder populations of several alien species in this area corroborate these findings. With climate change, risks will grow in the Antarctic Peninsula, Ross Sea, and East Antarctic coastal regions. Our evidence-based assessment demonstrates which parts of Antarctica are at growing risk from alien species that may become invasive and provides the means to mitigate this threat now and into the future as the continent's climate changes.read more
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What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and essential science†
Steven J. Cooke,Lawren Sack,Craig E. Franklin,Anthony P. Farrell,John Beardall,Martin Wikelski,Steven L. Chown +6 more
TL;DR: The definition of ‘conservation physiology’ is refined to be more inclusive, with an emphasis on characterizing diversity, understanding and predicting responses to environmental change and stressors, and generating solutions.
Book ChapterDOI
Terrestrial and Inland Water Systems
Josef Settele,Robert J. Scholes,Richard Betts,Stuart E. Bunn,Paul Leadley,Daniel C. Nepstad,Jonathan T. Overpeck,Miguel Angel Taboada,Rita Adrian,Craig D. Allen,William R. L. Anderegg,Céline Bellard,Paulo M. Brando,Louise Chini,Franck Courchamp,Wendy Foden,Dieter Gerten,Scott J. Goetz,Nicola Golding,Patrick Gonzalez,Ed Hawkins,Thomas Hickler,George C. Hurtt,Charles D. Koven,Josh Lawler,Heike Lischke,Georgina M. Mace,Melodie A. McGeoch,Camille Parmesan,Richard G. Pearson,Beatriz Rodríguez-Labajos,Carlo Rondinini,Rebecca Shaw,Stephen Sitch,Klement Tockner,Piero Visconti,Marten Winter +36 more
TL;DR: The topics assessed in this chapter were last assessed by the IPCC in 2007, principally in WGII AR4 Chapters 3 (Kundzewicz et al., 2007) and 4 (Fischlin et al, 2007), but also in this paper Sections 1.3.4 and 1.5 (Rosenzweig et al. 2007).
Journal ArticleDOI
The spatial structure of Antarctic biodiversity
Peter Convey,Peter Convey,Steven L. Chown,Andrew Clarke,David K. A. Barnes,Stef Bokhorst,Vonda J. Cummings,Hugh W. Ducklow,Francesco Frati,T. G. Allan Green,Shulamit Gordon,Huw J. Griffiths,Clive Howard-Williams,Ad H L Huiskes,Johanna Laybourn-Parry,W. Berry Lyons,Andrew McMinn,Simon A. Morley,Lloyd S. Peck,Antonio Quesada,Sharon A. Robinson,Stefano Schiaparelli,Diana H. Wall +22 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesized current knowledge on environmental variability across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine Antarctic biomes and related this to the observed biotic patterns, showing that the most important physical driver of Antarctic terrestrial communities is the availability of liquid water, itself driven by solar irradiance intensity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Climate change drives expansion of Antarctic ice-free habitat
Jasmine R. Lee,Jasmine R. Lee,Ben Raymond,Ben Raymond,Ben Raymond,Thomas J. Bracegirdle,Iadine Chadès,Iadine Chadès,Richard A. Fuller,Justine D. Shaw,Aleks Terauds +10 more
TL;DR: This work quantifies the impact of twenty-first century climate change on ice-free areas under two Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change climate forcing scenarios using temperature-index melt modelling and hypothesizes that they could eventually lead to increasing regional-scale biotic homogenization, the extinction of less-competitive species and the spread of invasive species.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prioritizing species, pathways, and sites to achieve conservation targets for biological invasion
Melodie A. McGeoch,Piero Genovesi,Peter J. Bellingham,Mark J. Costello,Christopher Mark McGrannachan,Andy Sheppard +5 more
TL;DR: A consultative, science-based process for prioritizing impacts based on species, pathways and sites, and outline the information needed by countries to achieve this are recommended, likely to be feasible for most countries.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the links between the main drivers of globalization and biological invasions and examined state-of-the-art approaches to pathway risk assessment to illustrate new opportunities for managing invasive species.
EDITOR'S PERSPECTIVE Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization
TL;DR: The links between the main drivers of globalization and biological invasions are reviewed and state-of-the-art approaches to pathway risk assessment are examined to illustrate new opportunities for managing invasive species.
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