Effects of mask-wearing on the inhalability and deposition of airborne SARS-CoV-2 aerosols in human upper airway
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
Investigation of the effects of wearing a surgical mask on inspiratory airflow and dosimetry of airborne, virus-laden aerosols on the face and in the respiratory tract shows that mask-wearing protects the upper airway while protecting the lungs best from particles smaller than 10 µm.Abstract:
Even though face masks are well accepted as tools useful in reducing COVID-19 transmissions, their effectiveness in reducing viral loads in the respiratory tract is unclear. Wearing a mask will significantly alter the airflow and particle dynamics near the face, which can change the inhalability of ambient particles. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of wearing a surgical mask on inspiratory airflow and dosimetry of airborne, virus-laden aerosols on the face and in the respiratory tract. A computational model was developed that comprised a pleated surgical mask, a face model, and an image-based upper airway geometry. The viral load in the nose was particularly examined with and without a mask. Results show that when breathing without a mask, air enters the mouth and nose through specific paths. When wearing a mask, however, air enters the mouth and nose through the entire surface of the mask at lower speeds, which favors the inhalation of ambient aerosols into the nose. With a 65% filtration efficiency (FE) typical for a three-layer surgical mask, wearing a mask reduces dosimetry for all micrometer particles except those of size 1 µm-3 µm, for which equivalent dosimetry with and without a mask in the upper airway was predicted. Wearing a mask reduces particle penetration into the lungs, regardless of the FE of the mask. The results also show that mask-wearing protects the upper airway (particularly the nose and larynx) best from particles larger than 10 µm while protecting the lungs best from particles smaller than 10 µm.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Simulation of aerosol transmission on a Boeing 737 airplane with intervention measures for COVID-19 mitigation
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared aerosol transmission in three models: (a) a model at full passenger capacity (60 passengers), (b) an aircraft model at reduced capacity (40 passengers), and (c) a aircraft model with sneeze guards/shields between passengers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Airborne transmission of COVID-19 and mitigation using box fan air cleaners in a poorly ventilated classroom
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted a systematic investigation of airborne transmission in a classroom equipped with a single horizontal unit ventilator (HUV) and evaluated the performance of a low-cost box fan air cleaner for risk mitigation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Droplet fate, efficacy of face mask, and transmission of virus-laden droplets inside a conference room
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the distribution of the virus-laden droplets expelled by coughing inside a conference room, the effect of ventilation rates, and their positioning, and the efficacy of masks was studied to get quantitative information regarding the residence time of the droplets.
Journal ArticleDOI
SARS CoV-2 aerosol: How far it can travel to the lower airways?
Mohammad S. Islam,Puchanee Larpruenrudee,Akshoy Ranjan Paul,Gunther Paul,Tevfik Gemci,YuanTong Gu,Suvash C. Saha +6 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the SARS CoV-2 virus particle transport and deposition to the terminal airways in a complex 17-generation lung model and showed that a higher percentage of the virus particles are trapped at the upper airways when sleeping and in a light activity condition.
Posted ContentDOI
Airborne Transmission of COVID-19 and Mitigation Using Box Fan Air Cleaners in a Poorly Ventilated Classroom
TL;DR: Overall, this study shows that box fan air cleaners can serve as an effective low-cost alternative for mitigating airborne transmission risks in poorly ventilated spaces and is more efficient in reducing aerosol concentration and spread in the classroom by adding air cleaners in comparison with raising the flow rate of HUV alone.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes.
Waradon Sungnak,Ni Huang,Christophe Bécavin,Marijn Berg,Rachel Queen,Monika Litvinukova,Monika Litvinukova,Carlos Talavera-López,Henrike Maatz,Daniel Reichart,Fotios Sampaziotis,Kaylee B Worlock,Masahiro Yoshida,Josephine Barnes +13 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the expression of viral entry-associated genes in single-cell RNA-sequencing data from multiple tissues from healthy human donors was investigated, and co-detected these transcripts in specific respiratory, corneal and intestinal epithelial cells, potentially explaining the high efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Journal ArticleDOI
SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues.
Carly G. K. Ziegler,Samuel J. Allon,Sarah K. Nyquist,Ian M. Mbano,Vincent N. Miao,Constantine N. Tzouanas,Yuming Cao,Ashraf S. Yousif,Julia Bals,Blake M. Hauser,Blake M. Hauser,Jared Feldman,Jared Feldman,Christoph Muus,Christoph Muus,Marc H. Wadsworth,Samuel W. Kazer,Travis K. Hughes,Benjamin Doran,G. James Gatter,G. James Gatter,G. James Gatter,Marko Vukovic,Faith Taliaferro,Faith Taliaferro,Benjamin E. Mead,Zhiru Guo,Jennifer P. Wang,Delphine Gras,Magali Plaisant,Meshal Ansari,Ilias Angelidis,Heiko Adler,Jennifer M.S. Sucre,Chase J. Taylor,Brian M. Lin,Avinash Waghray,Vanessa Mitsialis,Vanessa Mitsialis,Daniel F. Dwyer,Kathleen M. Buchheit,Joshua A. Boyce,Nora A. Barrett,Tanya M. Laidlaw,Shaina L. Carroll,Lucrezia Colonna,Victor Tkachev,Victor Tkachev,Christopher W. Peterson,Christopher W. Peterson,Alison Yu,Alison Yu,Hengqi Betty Zheng,Hengqi Betty Zheng,Hannah P. Gideon,Caylin G. Winchell,Philana Ling Lin,Philana Ling Lin,Colin D. Bingle,Scott B. Snapper,Scott B. Snapper,Jonathan A. Kropski,Jonathan A. Kropski,Fabian J. Theis,Herbert B. Schiller,Laure-Emmanuelle Zaragosi,Pascal Barbry,Alasdair Leslie,Alasdair Leslie,Hans-Peter Kiem,Hans-Peter Kiem,JoAnne L. Flynn,Sarah M. Fortune,Sarah M. Fortune,Sarah M. Fortune,Bonnie Berger,Robert W. Finberg,Leslie S. Kean,Leslie S. Kean,Manuel Garber,Aaron G. Schmidt,Aaron G. Schmidt,Daniel Lingwood,Alex K. Shalek,Jose Ordovas-Montanes,Nicholas E. Banovich,Alvis Brazma,Tushar J. Desai,Thu Elizabeth Duong,Oliver Eickelberg,Christine S. Falk,Michael Farzan,Ian A. Glass,Muzlifah Haniffa,Peter Horvath,Deborah T. Hung,Naftali Kaminski,Mark A. Krasnow,Malte Kühnemund,Robert Lafyatis,Haeock Lee,Sylvie Leroy,Sten Linnarson,Joakim Lundeberg,Kerstin B. Meyer,Alexander V. Misharin,Martijn C. Nawijn,Marko Nikolic,Dana Pe'er,Joseph E. Powell,Stephen R. Quake,Jay Rajagopal,Purushothama Rao Tata,Emma L. Rawlins,Aviv Regev,Paul A. Reyfman,Mauricio Rojas,Orit Rosen,Kourosh Saeb-Parsy,Christos Samakovlis,Herbert B. Schiller,Joachim L. Schultze,Max A. Seibold,Douglas P. Shepherd,Jason R. Spence,Avrum Spira,Xin Sun,Sarah A. Teichmann,Fabian J. Theis,Alexander M. Tsankov,Maarten van den Berge,Michael von Papen,Jeffrey A. Whitsett,Ramnik J. Xavier,Yan Xu,Kun Zhang +135 more
TL;DR: The data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 could exploit species-specific interferon-driven upregulation of ACE2, a tissue-protective mediator during lung injury, to enhance infection.
Journal ArticleDOI
SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes Are Most Highly Expressed in Nasal Goblet and Ciliated Cells within Human Airways
TL;DR: Analysis of the compendium of data points to a particularly relevant role for nasal goblet and ciliated cells as early viral targets and potential reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 infection and underscores the importance of the availability of the Human Cell Atlas as a reference dataset.
Journal ArticleDOI
Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals.
Yuan Liu,Zhi Ning,Yu Chen,Ming Guo,Yingle Liu,Nirmal Kumar Gali,Li Sun,Yusen Duan,Jing Cai,Dane Westerdahl,Xinjin Liu,Ke Xu,Kin Fai Ho,Haidong Kan,Qingyan Fu,Ke Lan +15 more
TL;DR: It is proposed that room ventilation, open space, sanitization of protective apparel, and proper use and disinfection of toilet areas can effectively limit the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols, although the infectivity of the virus RNA was not established in this study.
Journal ArticleDOI
To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic
Steffen E. Eikenberry,Marina Mancuso,Enahoro A. Iboi,Tin Phan,Keenan Eikenberry,Yang Kuang,Eric J. Kostelich,Abba B. Gumel +7 more
TL;DR: A compartmental model for assessing the community-wide impact of mask use by the general, asymptomatic public is developed, suggesting face masks are potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic.