Journal ArticleDOI
Immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection
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TLDR
In this paper, the role of LFA-1 has been highlighted, and several factors in addition to endogenous viral regulatory proteins have been reported as capable of modulating the state of viral latency and expression in vitro.Abstract:
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS. As a consequence of the interaction of gp120 envelope with the CD4 receptor molecule expressed by a subset of T lymphocytes and by mononuclear phagocytes (MPs), a second envelope protein (gp41) mediates fusion of the virion membrane with the target membrane. In these events the role of adhesion molecules such as LFA-1 has recently been highlighted. Following viral entry, reverse transcription of the virion-associated RNA and integration of proviral DNA into the host genome are crucial steps in HIV infection, which can lead to expression of high levels of new HIV or to silent infection for indefinite periods, a condition defined as viral latency. Several factors in addition to endogenous viral regulatory proteins have been reported as capable of modulating the state of viral latency and expression in vitro, including the cytokine network that normally modulates immune homeostasis as well as the immune response to inflammatory stimuli. Finally, recent studies have underscored the observation that the CD4+ T lymphocytes are the major reservoir of HIV in the peripheral blood compartment and in the lymphoid tissues, which are characterized by a greater viral burden, whereas in nonlymphoid organs such as the brain and the lung, local infection is predominantly sustained by MPs.read more
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HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy
TL;DR: Results lead to a simple steady-state model in which infection, cell death, and cell replacement are in balance, and imply that the unique feature of HIV is the extraordinarily large number of replication cycles that occur during infection of a single individual.
Journal ArticleDOI
Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection
Daniel C. Douek,Richard D. McFarland,Phillip H. Keiser,Earl A. Gage,Janice M. Massey,Barton F. Haynes,Michael A. Polis,Ashley T. Haase,Mark B. Feinberg,John L. Sullivan,Beth D. Jamieson,Jerome A. Zack,Louis J. Picker,Richard A. Koup +13 more
TL;DR: It is found that, although thymic function declines with age, substantial output is maintained into late adulthood and this results indicate that the adult thymus can contribute to immune reconstitution following HAART.
Journal ArticleDOI
CD4+ T Cell Depletion during all Stages of HIV Disease Occurs Predominantly in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Jason M. Brenchley,Timothy W. Schacker,Laura E. Ruff,David Price,Jodie H. Taylor,Gregory J. Beilman,Phuong L. Nguyen,Alexander Khoruts,Matthew Larson,Ashley T. Haase,Daniel C. Douek +10 more
TL;DR: The nature and extent of CD4+ T cell depletion in lymphoid tissue is defined and mechanisms of profound depletion of specific T cell subsets related to elimination of CCR5+ CD4- T cell targets and disruption of T cell homeostasis that accompanies chronic immune activation are pointed to.
Journal ArticleDOI
Immunological Memory and Protective Immunity: Understanding Their Relation
Rafi Ahmed,David Gray +1 more
TL;DR: The current understanding of the cellular basis of immune memory is reviewed and the relative contributions made to protective immunity by memory and effector T and B cells are examined.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mathematical Analysis of HIV-1 Dynamics in Vivo
TL;DR: It is shown how dynamical modeling and parameter estimation techniques have uncovered important features of HIV pathogenesis and impacted the way in which AIDS patients are treated with potent antiretroviral drugs.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi,J. C. Chermann,Félix A. Rey,Marie-Thérèse Nugeyre,S. Chamaret,Jacqueline Gruest,Charles Dauguet,Claudine Axler-Blin,F. Vézinet-Brun,Christine Rouzioux,Willy Rozenbaum,Luc Montagnier +11 more
TL;DR: From these studies it is concluded that this virus as well as the previous HTLV isolates belong to a general family of T-lymphotropic retroviruses that are horizontally transmitted in humans and may be involved in several pathological syndromes, including AIDS.
Journal ArticleDOI
The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity
TL;DR: Dendritic cells are specialized to mediate several physiologic components of immunogenicity such as the acquisition of antigens in tissues, the migration to lymphoid organs, and the identification and activation of antigen-specific T cells.
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Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor and HIV-1.
TL;DR: It is shown that micromolar concentrations of H2O2 can induce the expression and replication of HIV‐1 in a human T cell line and suggests that diverse agents thought to activate NF‐kappa B by distinct intracellular pathways might all act through a common mechanism involving the synthesis of ROI.
Journal ArticleDOI
The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus
Angus Dalgleish,Peter C. L. Beverley,Paul R. Clapham,Dorothy H. Crawford,Mel Greaves,Robin A. Weiss +5 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that the CD4 antigen is an essential and specific component of the receptor for the causative agent of AIDS.
Journal ArticleDOI
T-lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV
David Klatzmann,Eric Champagne,S. Chamaret,Jacqueline Gruest,Denise Guetard,Thierry Hercend,Jean Claude Gluckman,Luc Montagnier +7 more
TL;DR: Preincubation of T4+ lymphocytes with three individual monoclonal antibodies directed at the T4 glycoprotein blocked cell infection by LAV, strongly support the view that a surface molecule directly involved in cellular functions acts as, or is related to, the receptor for a human retrovirus.