Mössbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Gusev crater, Mars: Spirit's journey through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills
R. V. Morris,Göstar Klingelhöfer,Christian Schröder,Daniel Rodionov,Albert S. Yen,D. W. Ming,P. A. de Souza,Iris Fleischer,Thomas J. Wdowiak,R. Gellert,B. Bernhardt,E. N. Evlanov,B. Zubkov,J. Foh,J. Foh,Uwe Bonnes,E. Kankeleit,Philipp Gütlich,Franz Renz,Steven W. Squyres,Raymond E. Arvidson +20 more
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The Moessbauer spectrometer on Spirit measured the oxidation state of Fe, identified Fe-bearing phases, and measured relative abundances of Fe among those phases for surface materials on the plains and in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater as discussed by the authors.Abstract:
The Moessbauer spectrometer on Spirit measured the oxidation state of Fe, identified Fe-bearing phases, and measured relative abundances of Fe among those phases for surface materials on the plains and in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater. Eight Fe-bearing phases were identified: olivine, pyroxene, ilmenite, magnetite, nanophase ferric oxide (npOx), hematite, goethite, and a Fe(3+)-sulfate. Adirondack basaltic rocks on the plains are nearly unaltered (Fe(3+)/Fe(sub T) Px), and minor npOx and magnetite. Columbia Hills basaltic rocks are nearly unaltered (Peace and Backstay), moderately altered (WoolyPatch, Wishstone, and Keystone), and pervasively altered (e.g., Clovis, Uchben, Watchtower, Keel, and Paros with Fe(3+)/Fe(sub T) approx.0.6-0.9). Fe from pyroxene is greater than Fe from olivine (Ol sometimes absent), and Fe(2+) from Ol+Px is 40-49% and 9-24% for moderately and pervasively altered materials, respectively. Ilmenite (Fe from Ilm approx.3-6%) is present in Backstay, Wishstone, Keystone, and related rocks along with magnetite (Fe from Mt approx. 10-15%). Remaining Fe is present as npOx, hematite, and goethite in variable proportions. Clovis has the highest goethite content (Fe from Gt=40%). Goethite (alpha-FeOOH) is mineralogical evidence for aqueous processes because it has structural hydroxide and is formed under aqueous conditions. Relatively unaltered basaltic soils (Fe(3+)/Fe(sub T) approx. 0.3) occur throughout Gusev crater (approx. 60-80% Fe from Ol+Px, approx. 10-30% from npOx, and approx. 10% from Mt). PasoRobles soil in the Columbia Hills has a unique occurrence of high concentrations of Fe(3+)-sulfate (approx. 65% of Fe). Magnetite is identified as a strongly magnetic phase in Martian soil and dust.read more
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A habitable fluvio-lacustrine environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale crater, Mars.
John P. Grotzinger,Dawn Y. Sumner,Linda C. Kah,K. M. Stack,Sanjeev Gupta,Lauren A. Edgar,David M. Rubin,Kevin W. Lewis,Juergen Schieber,Nicolas Mangold,Ralph E. Milliken,Pamela G. Conrad,David J. DesMarais,Jack D. Farmer,Kirsten L. Siebach,Fred Calef,Joel A. Hurowitz,Scott M. McLennan,Douglas W. Ming,David T. Vaniman,Joy A. Crisp,Ashwin R. Vasavada,Kenneth S. Edgett,Michael C. Malin,David F. Blake,Ralf Gellert,Paul R. Mahaffy,Roger C. Wiens,Sylvestre Maurice,John A. Grant,Sharon A. Wilson,Robert C. Anderson,Luther W. Beegle,Raymond E. Arvidson,Bernard Hallet,R. S. Sletten,Melissa S. Rice,James F. Bell,J. L. Griffes,Bethany L. Ehlmann,Ryan B. Anderson,Thomas F. Bristow,William E. Dietrich,Gilles Dromart,Jennifer L. Eigenbrode,Abigail A. Fraeman,Craig Hardgrove,K. E. Herkenhoff,Louise Jandura,Gary Kocurek,Seungwon Lee,Laurie A. Leshin,Richard Leveille,Daniel Limonadi,Justin N. Maki,Scott McCloskey,M. A. Meyer,Michelle E. Minitti,Horton E. Newsom,Dorothy Z. Oehler,Avi Okon,Marisa C. Palucis,T. J. Parker,Scott K. Rowland,Mariek E. Schmidt,S. W. Squyres,Andrew Steele,Edward M. Stolper,Roger E. Summons,Allan H. Treiman,Rebecca M. E. Williams,A. Yingst +71 more
TL;DR: The Curiosity rover discovered fine-grained sedimentary rocks, which are inferred to represent an ancient lake and preserve evidence of an environment that would have been suited to support a martian biosphere founded on chemolithoautotrophy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Overview of the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Gusev Crater: Landing site to Backstay Rock in the Columbia Hills
Raymond E. Arvidson,Steven W. Squyres,Robert C. Anderson,James F. Bell,Diana L. Blaney,J. Brückner,N. A. Cabrol,Wendy M. Calvin,Michael H. Carr,Philip R. Christensen,Benton C. Clark,Larry S. Crumpler,David J. Des Marais,P. A. de Souza,Claude d’Uston,Thanasis E. Economou,Jack D. Farmer,William H. Farrand,William M. Folkner,Matthew P. Golombek,S. P. Gorevan,John A. Grant,Ronald Greeley,John P. Grotzinger,Edward A. Guinness,B. C. Hahn,Larry A. Haskin,K. E. Herkenhoff,Joel A. Hurowitz,Stubbe F. Hviid,Jeffrey R. Johnson,Göstar Klingelhöfer,Andrew H. Knoll,G. Landis,Craig E. Leff,Mark T. Lemmon,R. Li,Morten Madsen,Michael C. Malin,Scott M. McLennan,Harry Y. McSween,D. W. Ming,Jeffrey E. Moersch,Richard V. Morris,T. J. Parker,J. W. Rice,Lutz Richter,R. Rieder,Daniel Rodionov,Christian Schröder,M. Sims,M. D. Smith,Paul S. Smith,L. A. Soderblom,Ryan C. Sullivan,S. D. Thompson,Nicholas J. Tosca,Alian Wang,Heinrich Wänke,J. G. Ward,Thomas J. Wdowiak,M. J. Wolff,Albert S. Yen +62 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the surface enrichment is the result of a minor amount of transport and deposition by aqueous processes on the surface of olivine-bearing basalts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mineralogy of the Martian Surface
TL;DR: The past fifteen years of orbital infrared spectroscopy and in situ exploration of Mars have led to a new understanding of the composition and history of Mars, as well as its geology as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Identification of Carbonate-Rich Outcrops on Mars by the Spirit Rover
Richard V. Morris,Steven W. Ruff,Ralf Gellert,Douglas W. Ming,Raymond E. Arvidson,Benton C. Clark,D. C. Golden,Kirsten L. Siebach,Göstar Klingelhöfer,Christian Schröder,Iris Fleischer,Albert S. Yen,Steven W. Squyres +12 more
TL;DR: Outcrops rich in magnesium-iron carbonate are identified in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater, which approximates the average composition of the carbonate globules in martian meteorite ALH 84001.
Journal ArticleDOI
Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS): Results from Gusev crater and calibration report
R. Gellert,R. Gellert,Rudolf Rieder,J. Brückner,Benton C. Clark,Gerlind Dreibus,Göstar Klingelhöfer,G. W. Lugmair,Douglas W. Ming,Heinrich Wänke,Albert S. Yen,Jutta Zipfel,Steven W. Squyres +12 more
TL;DR: The chemical composition of rocks and soils on Mars analyzed during the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit Mission was determined by X-ray analyses with the Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) as discussed by the authors.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Overview of the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Gusev Crater: Landing site to Backstay Rock in the Columbia Hills
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the surface enrichment is the result of a minor amount of transport and deposition by aqueous processes on the surface of olivine-bearing basalts.
Journal ArticleDOI
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Steven W. Squyres,Raymond E. Arvidson,James F. Bell,J. Brückner,N. A. Cabrol,Wendy M. Calvin,Michael H. Carr,Philip R. Christensen,Benton C. Clark,Larry S. Crumpler,David J. Des Marais,Claude d’Uston,Thanasis E. Economou,Jack D. Farmer,William H. Farrand,William M. Folkner,Matthew P. Golombek,S. P. Gorevan,John A. Grant,Ronald Greeley,John P. Grotzinger,Larry A. Haskin,Kenneth E. Herkenhoff,Stubbe F. Hviid,Jeffrey R. Johnson,Göstar Klingelhöfer,Andrew H. Knoll,G. Landis,Mark T. Lemmon,R. Li,Morten Madsen,Michael C. Malin,Scott M. McLennan,Harry Y. McSween,D. W. Ming,Jeffrey E. Moersch,Richard V. Morris,T. J. Parker,J. W. Rice,Lutz Richter,Rudolf Rieder,M. Sims,M. D. Smith,Peter H. Smith,L. A. Soderblom,Ryan C. Sullivan,Heinrich Wänke,Thomas J. Wdowiak,M. J. Wolff,Albert S. Yen +49 more
TL;DR: The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit and its Athena science payload have been used to investigate a landing site in Gusev crater, but no clear evidence for lacustrine sedimentation has been found to date as discussed by the authors.
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