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Nanoscale Joule heating, Peltier cooling and current crowding at graphene–metal contacts

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TLDR
The authors' data indicate that thermoelectric effects account for up to one-third of the contact temperature changes, and that current crowding accounts for most of the remainder, andModelling predicts that the role ofCurrent crowding will diminish and the roles of thermoeLECTric effects will increase as contacts improve.
Abstract
The temperatures of the graphene–metal contacts in working transistors have been measured with a resolution of ∼10 nm, revealing the presence of both heating and cooling effects.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Thermal properties of graphene: Fundamentals and applications

TL;DR: Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) material with over 100-fold anisotropy of heat flow between the in-plane and out-of-plane directions.
Journal ArticleDOI

Thermal properties of graphene: Fundamentals and applications

TL;DR: Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) material with over 100-fold anisotropy of heat flow between the in-plane and out-of-plane directions as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI

Photocurrent generation with two-dimensional van der Waals semiconductors.

TL;DR: The state-of-the-art in photodetectors based on semiconducting 2D materials are reviewed, focusing on the transition metal dichalcogenides, novel van der Waals materials, black phosphorus, and heterostructures.
Journal ArticleDOI

Graphene: An Emerging Electronic Material

TL;DR: The versatility of graphene-based devices goes beyond conventional transistor circuits and includes flexible and transparent electronics, optoelectronics, sensors, electromechanical systems, and energy technologies.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers.

TL;DR: This work shows that graphene's electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers, and allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area.
Book

Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a characterization of the resistivity of a two-point-versus-four-point probe in terms of the number of contacts and the amount of contacts in the probe.
Journal ArticleDOI

Raman spectroscopy in graphene

TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the first-order and double resonance Raman scattering mechanisms in graphene, which give rise to the most prominent Raman features and give special emphasis to the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy to distinguish a monolayer from few-layer graphene stacked in the Bernal configuration.
Journal ArticleDOI

Thermoelectric Cooling and Power Generation

TL;DR: Improved materials would not only help to cool advanced electronics but could also provide energy benefits in refrigeration and when using waste heat to generate electrical power.
Journal ArticleDOI

Two-Dimensional Phonon Transport in Supported Graphene

TL;DR: It is shown experimentally that κ of monolayer graphene exfoliated on a silicon dioxide support is still as high as about 600 watts per meter per kelvin near room temperature, exceeding those of metals such as copper.
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