PD-1 signaling in primary T cells.
TLDR
This review focuses on exploring the hypothesis that PD‐1 ligation induces distinct signals during various stages of immune‐cell differentiation, and describing models to dissect the function of thePD‐1 cytoplasmic tail using primary cells in the absence of agonist antibodies.Abstract:
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a cell surface molecule that regulates the adaptive immune response Engagement of PD-1 by its ligands PD-L1 or PD-L2 transduces a signal that inhibits T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cytolytic function While a great deal is known concerning the biologic roles PD-1 plays in regulating the primary immune response and in T-cell exhaustion, comparatively little is known regarding how PD-1 ligation alters signaling pathways PD-1 ligation is known to inhibit membrane-proximal T-cell signaling events, while ligation of the related inhibitory molecule cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 appears to target more downstream signaling pathways A major obstacle to an in-depth understanding of PD-1 signaling is the lack of physiologic models in which to study signal transduction This review focuses on: (i) signaling pathways altered by PD-1 ligation, (ii) factors recruited upon PD-1 phosphorylation, and (iii) exploring the hypothesis that PD-1 ligation induces distinct signals during various stages of immune-cell differentiation Lastly, we describe models to dissect the function of the PD-1 cytoplasmic tail using primary cells in the absence of agonist antibodiesread more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion
E. John Wherry,Makoto Kurachi +1 more
TL;DR: Recent advances that provide a clearer molecular understanding of T cell exhaustion are reviewed and reveal new therapeutic targets for persisting infections and cancer.
Journal ArticleDOI
Molecular mechanisms of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition
TL;DR: The mechanisms through which T cell activation, differentiation and function is controlled by co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
The PD-1 pathway in tolerance and autoimmunity
TL;DR: This review highlights how PD‐1 and its ligands defend against potentially pathogenic self‐reactive effector T cells by simultaneously harnessing two mechanisms of peripheral tolerance: (i) the promotion of Treg development and function and (ii) the direct inhibition of potentially pathogen self-reactive T cells that have escaped into the periphery.
Journal ArticleDOI
Overview of the Immune Response
TL;DR: This overview identifies key mechanisms used by the immune system to respond to invading microbes and other exogenous threats and identifies settings in which disturbed immune function exacerbates tissue injury.
Journal ArticleDOI
T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1-mediated inhibition.
Enfu Hui,Jeanne Cheung,Jing Zhu,Xiaolei Su,Marcus J. Taylor,Heidi J.A. Wallweber,Dibyendu Kumar Sasmal,Jun Huang,Jeong M. Kim,Ira Mellman,Ronald D. Vale +10 more
TL;DR: It is shown that the co-receptor CD28 is strongly preferred over the TCR as a target for dephosphorylation by PD-1–recruited Shp2 phosphatase, suggesting that costimulatory pathways play key roles in regulating effector T cell function and responses to anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity
TL;DR: Current understanding of the immunoregulatory functions of PD-1 and its ligands and their therapeutic potential are discussed and an inhibitory bidirectional interaction between PD-L1 and B7-1 is discovered, revealing new ways the B7:CD28 family regulates T cell activation and tolerance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection.
Daniel L. Barber,E. John Wherry,David Masopust,Baogong Zhu,James P. Allison,Arlene H. Sharpe,Gordon J. Freeman,Rafi Ahmed +7 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed genes expressed in functionally impaired virus-specific CD8 T cells present in mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and compared these with the gene profile of functional memory CD8T cells.
Journal Article
Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection
TL;DR: It is found that even in persistently infected mice that were lacking CD4 T-cell help, blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory pathway had a beneficial effect on the ‘helpless’ CD8 T cells, restoring their ability to undergo proliferation, secrete cytokines, kill infected cells and decrease viral load.
Journal ArticleDOI
PD-L2 is a second ligand for PD-1 and inhibits T cell activation
Yvette Latchman,Clive Wood,Tatyana Chernova,Divya Chaudhary,Madhuri Borde,Irene Chernova,Yoshiko Iwai,Andrew J. Long,Julia A. Brown,Raquel A. Nunes,Edward A. Greenfield,Karen Bourque,Vassiliki A. Boussiotis,Laura L. Carter,Beatriz M. Carreno,Nelly Malenkovich,Hiroyuki Nishimura,Taku Okazaki,Tasuku Honjo,Arlene H. Sharpe,Gordon J. Freeman +20 more
TL;DR: These studies show overlapping functions of PD-L1 andPD-L2 and indicate a key role for the PD- L–PD-1 pathway in regulating T cell responses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Induced expression of PD-1, a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death.
TL;DR: The results suggest that activation of the PD‐1 gene may be involved in the classical type of programmed cell death.
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