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Progress in redox flow batteries, remaining challenges and their applications in energy storage

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TLDR
A comprehensive review of the overall development of redox flow battery technology, including proposed chemistries, cell components and recent applications is provided in this paper, where the authors highlight the challenges and directions for further research.
Abstract
Redox flow batteries, which have been developed over the last 40 years, are used to store energy on the medium to large scale, particularly in applications such as load levelling, power quality control and facilitating renewable energy deployment. Various electrode materials and cell chemistries have been proposed; some of the successful systems have been demonstrated on a large-scale in the range of 10 kW–10 MW. Enhanced performance is attributable to the improvements in electrodes, separator materials and an increasing awareness of cell design. This comprehensive review provides a summary of the overall development of redox flow battery technology, including proposed chemistries, cell components and recent applications. Remaining challenges and directions for further research are highlighted.

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Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation

TL;DR: A comprehensive and clear picture of the state-of-the-art technologies available, and where they would be suited for integration into a power generation and distribution system is provided in this article.
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Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the existing literature in the analysis of life cycle costs of utility-scale electricity storage systems, providing an updated database for the cost elements (capital costs, operational and maintenance costs, and replacement costs).
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A metal-free organic–inorganic aqueous flow battery

TL;DR: This work describes a class of energy storage materials that exploits the favourable chemical and electrochemical properties of a family of molecules known as quinones, and demonstrates a metal-free flow battery based on the redox chemistry of 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulphonic acid.
Journal ArticleDOI

The rise of organic electrode materials for energy storage

TL;DR: An overview of energy storage systems as a whole, the metrics that are used to quantify the performance of electrodes, recent strategies that have been investigated to overcome the challenges associated with organic electrode materials, and the use of computational chemistry to design and study new materials and their properties are provided.
Journal ArticleDOI

An aqueous, polymer-based redox-flow battery using non-corrosive, safe, and low-cost materials

TL;DR: The polymer-based RFB presented uses an environmentally benign sodium chloride solution and cheap, commercially available filter membranes instead of highly corrosive acid electrolytes and expensive membrane materials, which has an energy density of 10 watt hours per litre, current densities of up to 100 milliamperes per square centimetre, and stable long-term cycling capability.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Zinc‐Bromine Secondary Battery

TL;DR: In this paper, a zinc-bromine secondary battery with circulating aqueous electrolyte showed 80% over-all energy efficiency at a current density of 20 mA/cm/sup 2/ for 10 h charge and 10 h discharge cycles.
Journal ArticleDOI

Membrane stability studies for vanadium redox cell applications

TL;DR: In this article, an accelerated degradation test of selected membranes was carried out to determine their stability in the fully charged positive electrolyte solution of the vanadium redox battery, where each membrane was soaked in both 1.0 and 0.1 M V(V) solutions for extended periods of time and UV-visible spectroscopy was used to determine the rate of oxidation of the membrane by V (V) to produce V(IV) ions in solution.
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Nafion/polyvinylidene fluoride blend membranes with improved ion selectivity for vanadium redox flow battery application

TL;DR: In this article, Nafion/PVDF blends are employed to prepare the ion exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) application for the first time.
Journal ArticleDOI

Preparation of chloromethylated/quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) anion exchange membrane materials for vanadium redox flow battery applications

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of CME quantity, reaction temperature, and reaction time on degree of chloromethylation (DCM) were investigated, and the results show that QAPPEK membranes could be promising anion exchange membranes for VRB applications.
Journal ArticleDOI

Thermal stability of concentrated V(V) electrolytes in the vanadium redox cell

TL;DR: The vanadium redox battery currently employs solutions of up to 2 M V(II), V(III), and V(IV) as the negative and positive half-cell electrolytes as mentioned in this paper.
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