Journal ArticleDOI
Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications
TLDR
In this paper, the fatty acid (FA) profiles of 12 common biodiesel feedstocks were summarized, and it was shown that several fuel properties, including viscosity, specific gravity, cetane number, iodine value, and low temperature performance metrics are highly correlated with the average unsaturation of the FA profiles.Abstract:
Biodiesel is a renewable transportation fuel consisting of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), generally produced by transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats. In this review, the fatty acid (FA) profiles of 12 common biodiesel feedstocks were summarized. Considerable compositional variability exists across the range of feedstocks. For example, coconut, palm and tallow contain high amounts of saturated FA; while corn, rapeseed, safflower, soy, and sunflower are dominated by unsaturated FA. Much less information is available regarding the FA profiles of algal lipids that could serve as biodiesel feedstocks. However, some algal species contain considerably higher levels of poly-unsaturated FA than is typically found in vegetable oils. Differences in chemical and physical properties among biodiesel fuels can be explained largely by the fuels’ FA profiles. Two features that are especially influential are the size distribution and the degree of unsaturation within the FA structures. For the 12 biodiesel types reviewed here, it was shown that several fuel properties – including viscosity, specific gravity, cetane number, iodine value, and low temperature performance metrics – are highly correlated with the average unsaturation of the FAME profiles. Due to opposing effects of certain FAME structural features, it is not possible to define a single composition that is optimum with respect to all important fuel properties. However, to ensure satisfactory in-use performance with respect to low temperature operability and oxidative stability, biodiesel should contain relatively low concentrations of both long-chain saturated FAME and poly-unsaturated FAME.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Food waste as a valuable resource for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels. Current situation and global perspective
Carol Sze Ki Lin,Lucie A. Pfaltzgraff,Lorenzo Herrero-Davila,Egid B. Mubofu,Solhy Abderrahim,James H. Clark,Apostolis A. Koutinas,Nikolaos Kopsahelis,Katerina Stamatelatou,Fiona Dickson,Samarthia Thankappan,Zahouily Mohamed,Robert Brocklesby,Rafael Luque +13 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a general overview of the current and most innovative uses of food supply chain waste, providing a range of worldwide case-studies from around the globe.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bioenergy and biofuels: History, status, and perspective
TL;DR: A review of the worldwide history, current status, and predictable future trend of bioenergy and bio-fuels can be found in this paper, with a focus on the development and utilization of renewable energy such as bioenergy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Review of the effects of biodiesel on NOx emissions
S. Kent Hoekman,Curtis Robbins +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed and summarized relevant literature regarding the so-called "biodiesel NOx effect, and presented theories to explain this effect in modern diesel engines, several factors related to fuel composition and engine control strategies are important.
Journal ArticleDOI
Production, characterization and performance of biodiesel as an alternative fuel in diesel engines – A review
H.M. Mahmudul,Ftwi Yohaness Hagos,Rizalman Mamat,A. Abdul Adam,Wan Faizal Wan Ishak,R. Alenezi +5 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided the substantial information on biodiesel to the researchers, engineers and policy makers, and concluded that biodiesel has the potential to be used as a diesel fuel substitute in diesel engines to solve the energy and environment crisis.
Journal ArticleDOI
The quest for sustainable polyesters – insights into the future
Carla Vilela,Andreia F. Sousa,Andreia F. Sousa,Ana C. Fonseca,Arménio C. Serra,Jorge F. J. Coelho,Carmen S. R. Freire,Armando J. D. Silvestre +7 more
TL;DR: In this article, a review of recent aspects related to the most promising renewable-based polyesters is presented, focusing on bio-based monomers that, given their comparable properties, may replace polymers derived from fossil fuel feedstock.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Biodiesel from microalgae.
TL;DR: As demonstrated here, microalgae appear to be the only source of renewable biodiesel that is capable of meeting the global demand for transport fuels.
Journal ArticleDOI
Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review
TL;DR: The various aspects associated with the design of microalgae production units are described, giving an overview of the current state of development of algae cultivation systems (photo-bioreactors and open ponds).
Journal ArticleDOI
Biofuels from microalgae—A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the technologies underpinning microalgae-to-bio-fuels systems, focusing on the biomass production, harvesting, conversion technologies, and the extraction of useful co-products.
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Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances
Qiang Hu,Milton Sommerfeld,Eric E. Jarvis,Maria L. Ghirardi,Matthew C. Posewitz,Michael Seibert,Aldis Darzins +6 more
TL;DR: A brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization are provided.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils.
TL;DR: Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters), which is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol, has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel.