Toxicological Evaluations of Rare Earths and Their Health Impacts to Workers: A Literature Review
TLDR
It is important to review the toxicological studies to improve the current understanding of the RE compounds in the field of occupational health to establish a sustainable, safe and healthy working environment for RE industries.Abstract:
In concert with the development of new materials in the last decade, the need for toxicological studies of these materials has been increasing. These new materials include a group of rare earths (RE). The use of RE nanotechnology is being considered in some green applications, to increase their efficiency by using nano-sized RE compounds, and therefore hazard evaluation and risk assessment are highly recommended. This review was conducted through an extensive contemplation of the literatures in toxicology with in vitro and in vivo studies. Major aspects reviewed were the toxicological evaluations of these elements and metallic compounds at the molecular and cellular level, animal and human epidemiological studies and environmental and occupational health impacts on workers. We also discuss the future prospect of industries with appliances using RE together with the significance of preventive efforts for workers’ health. To establish a safe and healthy working environment for RE industries, the use of biomarkers is increasing to provide sustainable measure, due to demand for information about the health risks from unfavorable exposures. Given the recent toxicological results on the exposure of cells, animals and workers to RE compounds, it is important to review the toxicological studies to improve the current understanding of the RE compounds in the field of occupational health. This will help to establish a sustainable, safe and healthy working environment for RE industries.read more
Citations
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In vitro degradation of biodegradable polylactic acid/Mg composites: Influence of nature and crystalline degree of the polymeric matrix
Sandra C. Cifuentes,Marcela Lieblich,Laura Saldaña,José Luis González-Carrasco,Rosario Benavente +4 more
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the type and crystalline degree of the polymeric matrix on in vitro degradation kinetics of PLA/Mg composites was studied by comparing a composite with a poly-L-lactic (PLLA) matrix with another with a Poly-L,D-Lactic (PLDA) matrix, which showed that a PLDA matrix is more effective lowering the degradation rate of Mg particles than PLLA.
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Colorimetric Dual Sensors of Metal Ions Based on 1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-Dicarboxylic Acid-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
TL;DR: A simple, rapid, selective, and cost-effective colorimetric assay for Cr3+ and Eu3+ ion detection has been developed using functionalized gold nanoparticles as discussed by the authors.
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Kinetic Studies on the Removal of Some Lanthanide Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Amidoxime-Hydroxamic Acid Polymer
TL;DR: The sorption speed of trivalent lanthanides (Ln3+) depending on the contact period is studied by a batch equilibrium method and results reveal fast rates of metal ion uptake with highest percentage being achieved after 15–30 min.
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Assessing anthropogenic levels, speciation, and potential mobility of rare earth elements (REEs) in ex-tin mining area
TL;DR: Multivariate statistical analyses such as factor analysis and principal component analysis indicated that REEs were associated and controlled by mixed origin, with similar contributions from anthropogenic and geogenic sources.
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Electronic waste as a source of rare earth element pollution: Leaching, transport in porous media, and the effects of nanoparticles
TL;DR: In this paper , a series of leaching assays revealed that <1% of rare earth elements (REEs) available in a representative E-waste were released except at acidic conditions (pH 2) rarely observed in nature.
References
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Rare earth nanoparticles prevent retinal degeneration induced by intracellular peroxides
TL;DR: The data indicate that the nanoceria particles may be effective in inhibiting the progression of ROI-induced cell death, which is thought to be involved in macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa and other blinding diseases, as well as the ROi-induced death of other cell types in diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, stroke and so on.
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Anti‐inflammatory Properties of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
Suzanne M. Hirst,Ajay S. Karakoti,Ron Tyler,Nammalwar Sriranganathan,Sudipta Seal,Christopher M. Reilly +5 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that cerium oxide nanoparticles are well tolerated in mice and are incorporated into cellular tissues and therefore serve as a novel therapy for chronic inflammation.
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Toxicity of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Lung Cancer Cells
TL;DR: The cytotoxicity and oxidative stress caused by 20-nm cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles in cultured human lung cancer cells was investigated and it was concluded that free radicals generated by exposure to 3.5 to 23.3 μg/ml CeO2 nanoparticles produce significant oxidative stress in the cells.
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Evaluation of short-term effects of rare earth and other elements used in magnesium alloys on primary cells and cell lines
Frank Feyerabend,Janine Fischer,Jakob Holtz,Frank Witte,Frank Witte,Regine Willumeit,Heiko Drücker,Carla Vogt,Norbert Hort +8 more
TL;DR: Of the elements with high solubility in magnesium alloys, Gd and Dy seem to be more suitable than Y, and La and Ce showed the highest cytotoxicity of the analysed elements.
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Exposure, health and ecological effects review of engineered nanoscale cerium and cerium oxide associated with its use as a fuel additive.
Flemming R. Cassee,Erna C. van Balen,Charanjeet Singh,David C. Green,Hans Muijser,Jason P. Weinstein,Kevin L. Dreher +6 more
TL;DR: There is an absolute critical need for integrated exposure and toxicological studies in order to accurately assess the environmental, ecological and health implications of nanotechnology enabled diesel fuel additives with existing as well as new engine designs and fuel formulations.
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