Toxicological Evaluations of Rare Earths and Their Health Impacts to Workers: A Literature Review
TLDR
It is important to review the toxicological studies to improve the current understanding of the RE compounds in the field of occupational health to establish a sustainable, safe and healthy working environment for RE industries.Abstract:
In concert with the development of new materials in the last decade, the need for toxicological studies of these materials has been increasing. These new materials include a group of rare earths (RE). The use of RE nanotechnology is being considered in some green applications, to increase their efficiency by using nano-sized RE compounds, and therefore hazard evaluation and risk assessment are highly recommended. This review was conducted through an extensive contemplation of the literatures in toxicology with in vitro and in vivo studies. Major aspects reviewed were the toxicological evaluations of these elements and metallic compounds at the molecular and cellular level, animal and human epidemiological studies and environmental and occupational health impacts on workers. We also discuss the future prospect of industries with appliances using RE together with the significance of preventive efforts for workers’ health. To establish a safe and healthy working environment for RE industries, the use of biomarkers is increasing to provide sustainable measure, due to demand for information about the health risks from unfavorable exposures. Given the recent toxicological results on the exposure of cells, animals and workers to RE compounds, it is important to review the toxicological studies to improve the current understanding of the RE compounds in the field of occupational health. This will help to establish a sustainable, safe and healthy working environment for RE industries.read more
Citations
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Exposure of children to light rare earth elements through ingestion of various size fractions of road dust in REEs mining areas.
TL;DR: Investigation of the pollution characteristics of the LREEs in the size-fractioned road dust showed that the finer size fractions of road dust had enhanced REEs concentrations, and the pollution level was found to be elevated with a decrease in particle size.
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A review of environmental aspect of rare earth element extraction processes and solution purification techniques
Deniz Talan,Qingqing Huang +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors compiled the environmental impact and aspect of rare earth extraction processes while addressing separation techniques for these radioactive materials from rare earths, emphasizing selective precipitation, solvent extraction, and solid phase separation.
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Subchronic toxicity study of yttrium nitrate by 90-day repeated oral exposure in rats.
Yi-Mei Wang,Zhou Yu,Zeng-Ming Zhao,Li Jia,Hai-Qin Fang,Ting-Fen Zhang,Xiao-Yan Yuan,Yulei Shu,Jun He,Hui Peng,Lizhong Li,Jun Zhao,Xudong Jia,Shuangqing Peng +13 more
TL;DR: The subchronic toxicity of yttrium, a representative heavy REE with higher contaminated level in foods in China, was evaluated to achieve a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) which is a critical basis for the establishment of an ADI.
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Bare and nonionic surfactant-functionalized praseodymium oxide nanoparticles: Toxicological studies.
TL;DR: The toxicity of the NPs is evaluated and the competence of the obtained data is measured to characterize possibilities of probable threats, prominence of data requirement, and breaches that must be filled to diminish the ambiguities about the safe use of Pr6O11 NPs.
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Mechanical and in vitro degradation behavior of magnesium-bioactive glass composites prepared by SPS for biomedical applications
TL;DR: The results indicated that using BG as reinforcement and SPS as sintering method; the authors can prepare corrosion resistant and high modulus Mg-BG composites that can be used for fabricating bone fracture fixation plates.
References
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Rare earth nanoparticles prevent retinal degeneration induced by intracellular peroxides
TL;DR: The data indicate that the nanoceria particles may be effective in inhibiting the progression of ROI-induced cell death, which is thought to be involved in macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa and other blinding diseases, as well as the ROi-induced death of other cell types in diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, stroke and so on.
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Anti‐inflammatory Properties of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
Suzanne M. Hirst,Ajay S. Karakoti,Ron Tyler,Nammalwar Sriranganathan,Sudipta Seal,Christopher M. Reilly +5 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that cerium oxide nanoparticles are well tolerated in mice and are incorporated into cellular tissues and therefore serve as a novel therapy for chronic inflammation.
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Toxicity of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Lung Cancer Cells
TL;DR: The cytotoxicity and oxidative stress caused by 20-nm cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles in cultured human lung cancer cells was investigated and it was concluded that free radicals generated by exposure to 3.5 to 23.3 μg/ml CeO2 nanoparticles produce significant oxidative stress in the cells.
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Evaluation of short-term effects of rare earth and other elements used in magnesium alloys on primary cells and cell lines
Frank Feyerabend,Janine Fischer,Jakob Holtz,Frank Witte,Frank Witte,Regine Willumeit,Heiko Drücker,Carla Vogt,Norbert Hort +8 more
TL;DR: Of the elements with high solubility in magnesium alloys, Gd and Dy seem to be more suitable than Y, and La and Ce showed the highest cytotoxicity of the analysed elements.
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Exposure, health and ecological effects review of engineered nanoscale cerium and cerium oxide associated with its use as a fuel additive.
Flemming R. Cassee,Erna C. van Balen,Charanjeet Singh,David C. Green,Hans Muijser,Jason P. Weinstein,Kevin L. Dreher +6 more
TL;DR: There is an absolute critical need for integrated exposure and toxicological studies in order to accurately assess the environmental, ecological and health implications of nanotechnology enabled diesel fuel additives with existing as well as new engine designs and fuel formulations.
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