Showing papers on "Base pair published in 1980"
TL;DR: The chapter presents techniques for producing discrete DNA fragments, end-labeling DNA, segregating end- labeled fragments, extracting DNA from gels, and the protocols for partially cleaving it at specific bases using the chemical reactions.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. In the chemical DNA sequencing method, one end-labels the DNA, partially cleaves it at each of the four bases in four reactions, orders the products by size on a slab gel, and then reads the sequence from an autoradiogram by noting which base-specific agent cleaved at each successive nucleotide along the strand. This technique sequences the DNA made in and purified from cells. No enzymatic copying in vitro is required, and either single- or double-stranded DNA can be sequenced. Most chemical schemes that cleave at one or two of the four bases involve three consecutive steps: modification of a base, removal of the modified base from its sugar, and DNA strand scission at that sugar. Base-specific chemical cleavage is only one step in sequencing DNA. The chapter presents techniques for producing discrete DNA fragments, end-labeling DNA, segregating end-labeled fragments, extracting DNA from gels, and the protocols for partially cleaving it at specific bases using the chemical reactions. The chapter also discusses the electrophoresis of the chemical cleavage products on long-distance sequencing gels and a guide for troubleshooting problems in sequencing patterns.
12,321 citations
TL;DR: A method is presented for the rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA which is free of contaminants which interfere with complete digestion by restriction endonucleases, and which yields total cellular DNA.
Abstract: A method is presented for the rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA (50,000 base pairs or more in length) which is free of contaminants which interfere with complete digestion by restriction endonucleases. The procedure yields total cellular DNA (i.e. nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNA). The technique is ideal for the rapid isolation of small amounts of DNA from many different species and is also useful for large scale isolations.
10,481 citations
TL;DR: A correlation analysis of chromatin DNA nucleotide sequences reveals the clear tendency of some of the dinucleotides to be repeated along the sequences with periods of 3 and about 10.5 bases, interpreted as a reflection of the deformational anisotropy of the DNA molecule that facilitates its smooth folding in chromatin.
Abstract: A correlation analysis of chromatin DNA nucleotide sequences reveals the clear tendency of some of the dinucleotides to be repeated along the sequences with periods of 3 and about 10.5 bases. This latter period, which is equal within experimental error to recent estimates of the pitch of the DNA double helix [Wang, J. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 200-203; Trifonov, E. & Bettecken, T. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 454-456] is interpreted as a reflection of the deformational anisotropy of the DNA molecule that facilitates its smooth folding in chromatin.
530 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used cloned actin sequences from Dictyostelium discoideum to identify and clone the actin gene in yeast and determined the nucleotide sequence of that gene and its flanking regions.
Abstract: The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is known to contain the highly conserved and unbiquitous protein actin. We have used cloned actin sequences from Dictyostelium discoideum to identify and clone the actin gene in yeast. Hybridization to genomic fragments of yeast DNA suggest that there is a single actin gene in yeast. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of that gene and its flanking regions. The sequence of the gene reveals an intervening sequence of 309 base pairs in the coding sequences at the 5' end of the gene. The existence and location of the intervening sequence was verified by using the dideoxy chain termination technique to determine the sequence at the 5' terminus of the actin mRNA. The similarity of the splice junction sequences in this gene to those found in higher eukaryotes suggests that yeast must possess a similar splicing enzyme.
463 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a portion of this highly conserved segment of repetitive mamalian DNA sequence is similar to a sequence found within a low molecular weight RNA that hydrogen-bonds to poly(A)-terminated RNA molecules of Chinese hamsters and a sequence that forms half of a perfect inverted repeat near the origin of DNA replication in papovaviruses.
Abstract: DNA base sequence comparisons demonstrate that the principal family of 300-nucleotide interspersed human DNA sequences, the repetitive double-strand regions of HeLa cell heterogeneous nuclear RNA, and specific RNA polymerase III in vitro transcripts of cloned human DNA sequences are all representatives of a closely related family of sequences. A segment of approximately 30 residues of these sequences is highly conserved in mammalian evolution because it is also present in the interspersed repeated DNA sequences of Chinese hamsters. Further DNA sequence comparisons demonstrate that a portion of this highly conserved segment of repetitive mamalian DNA sequence is similar to a sequence found within a low molecular weight RNA that hydrogen-bonds to poly(A)-terminated RNA molecules of Chinese hamsters and a sequence that forms half of a perfect inverted repeat near the origin of DNA replication in papovaviruses.
458 citations
TL;DR: The addition of a deoxyribonucleotide to the cleaved RNA can be regarded as the first step of ColE1 DNA synthesis and once it has served as a primer, the RNA is eliminated from the product by RNase H.
Abstract: A plasmid that consists of an 812-base-pair segment containing the replication origin of plasmid ColE1 and of a 1240-base-pair segment containing a beta-lactamase gene has been constructed. The plasmid DNA has three principal sites where transcription is initiated in vitro. One is located in the ColE1 segment 555 nucleotides upstream from the origin. Most transcription from this site extends past the origin; some of the transcripts form hybrids spontaneously with the template at their 3' portions. Cleavage of these transcripts by RNase H generates 3' termini at the origin region. When DNA polymerase I is included in the reaction along with RNA polymerase and RNase H, dAMP or dCMP is added directly onto the cleaved RNA molecules, most of which retain the intact 5' terminus. The addition of a deoxyribonucleotide to the cleaved RNA can be regarded as the first step of ColE1 DNA synthesis. Once it has served as a primer, the RNA is eliminated from the product by RNase H.
440 citations
TL;DR: The single-strand-specific endonuclease S1 from Aspergillus oryzae introduces highly selective cleavages into supercoiled covalently closed circular DNA molecules, but not into their previously linearized counterparts.
Abstract: The single-strand-specific endonuclease S1 from Aspergillus oryzae introduces highly selective cleavages into supercoiled covalently closed circular DNA molecules, but not into their previously linearized counterparts. The cleavage sites are inverted repeats of unit length between 9 and 13 base pairs, separated by a nonrepetitious 2-6 base pairs. Such regions may adopt hairpin or similar structures stabilized by the negative superhelix density and may constitute recognition sites for cellular proteins.
429 citations
TL;DR: The 6407 nucleotide-long sequence of bacteriophage M13 DNA has been determined using both the chemical degradation and chain-termination methods of DNA sequencing and appears to be only a single nucleotide shorter than fd DNA.
365 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived a secondary structure model for 16S ribosomal RNA on the basis of comparative sequence analysis, chemical modification studies and nuclease susceptibility data.
Abstract: We have derived a secondary structure model for 16S ribosomal RNA on the basis of comparative sequence analysis, chemical modification studies and nuclease susceptibility data. Nucleotide sequences of the E. coli and B. brevis 16S rRNA chains, and of RNAse T1 oligomer catalogs from 16S rRNAs of over 100 species of eubacteria were used for phylogenetic comparison. Chemical modification of G by glyoxal, A by m-chloroperbenzoic acid and C by bisulfite in naked 16S rRNA, and G by kethoxal in active and inactive 30S ribosomal subunits was taken as an indication of single stranded structure. Further support for the structure was obtained from susceptibility to RNases A and T1. These three approaches are in excellent agreement. The structure contains fifty helical elements organized into four major domains, in which 46 percent of the nucleotides of 16S rRNA are involved in base pairing. Phylogenetic comparison shows that highly conserved sequences are found principally in unpaired regions of the molecule. No knots are created by the structure.
344 citations
TL;DR: The nucleotide sequence of the yeast DNA plasmid from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain A364A D5 has been determined and possible functions are suggested, and attributes of an improved vector for cloning foreign DNAs in yeast are discussed.
Abstract: The nucleotide sequence of the yeast DNA plasmid (2µ circle) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain A364A D5 has been determined. The plasmid contains 6,318 base pairs, including two identical inverted repeats of 599 base pairs. Possible functions are suggested, and attributes of an improved vector for cloning foreign DNAs in yeast are discussed.
333 citations
TL;DR: This work has found that the distance between successive DNase I cutting sites is 10.6 ± 0.1 bases for the DNA immobilized on three different surfaces, and identifies this value with the number of base pairs per turn of the DNA double helix in solution.
Abstract: The periodicity of DNA has been determined by binding short, stiff pieces of DNA to a flat surface and using DNase I to probe the accessibility of the phosphodiester bonds. We have found that the distance between successive DNase I cutting sites is 10.6 +/- 0.1 bases for the DNA immobilized on three different surfaces. We identify this value with the number of base pairs per turn of the DNA double helix in solution.
TL;DR: The structure of the crystalline daunomycin-d(CpGpTpAp CpG) complex has been solved by x-ray diffraction analysis and the DNA double helix is distorted in a novel manner in accommodating the drug.
Abstract: The structure of the crystalline daunomycin-d(CpGpTpApCpG) complex has been solved by x-ray diffraction analysis. The DNA forms a six-base-pair right-handed double helix with two daunomycin molecules intercalated in the d(CpG) sequences. The daunomycin aglycone chromophore is oriented at right angles to the long dimension of the DNA base pairs and the cyclohexene ring rests in the minor groove. Substituents on this ring have hydrogen bonding interactions to the base pairs above and below the intercalation site. These appear to be specific for anthracycline antibiotics. The amino sugar lies in the minor groove of the double helix without bonding to the DNA. The DNA double helix is distorted in a novel manner in accommodating the drug.
TL;DR: Results demonstrate that the cloned DNA molecules are functionally identical to viral DNA produced in vivo; therefore, molecular cloning did not cause any major alterations of the DNA.
Abstract: Supercoiled DNA molecules were used for the molecular cloning of full-length avian sarcoma virus (ASV) DNA. Viral DNA produced by the Schmidt-Ruppin A (SR-A) strain of ASV was isolated from acutely infected transformed quail cells. Supercoiled DNA was separated from linear and open circular DNA by acid phenol extraction, opened into a full-length linear form by cleavage with the restriction endonuclease SacI, and cloned into lambda gtWES x lambda B. Four different cloned viral DNA molecules were isolated: SRA-1 contains two copies of the 330-base pair terminal redundancy normally found at each end of the linear DNA molecules, but harbors a 63-base pair deletion that spans the site at which the two copies of the terminal redundancy are joined in circular DNA molecules; SRA-2 contains two complete copies of the terminal redundancy; SRA-3 probably contains only one copy of the terminal redundancy but in all other respects appears to be similar to SRA-2; SRA-4 contains a 2,500-base pair deletion that removes all of the src gene (the gene responsible for transformation by ASVs) plus additional nucleotides adjacent to the src gene whose precise locations have not been determined. Transfection of chicken embryo fibroblasts by either SRA-1 or SRA-2 resulted both in the appearance of transformed cells and in the production of infectious virus. These results demonstrate that the cloned DNA molecules are functionally identical to viral DNA produced in vivo; therefore, molecular cloning did not cause any major alterations of the DNA. The infectivity of SRA-1 DNA indicates that the 63 base pairs missing from that molecule are not required for the initiation of viral RNA synthesis, even though the deletion is located in a copy of the terminal redundancy thought to carry a promoter for RNA synthesis. This suggests that the deletion does not remove any sequences required for the initiation of transcription.
TL;DR: The cleavage of a DNA phosphodiester bond by Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I and the simultaneous covalent linkage of the enzyme to the 5’-phosphoryl group of the DNA at the cleavage site are reported previously and are most likely a phosphotyrosine linkage.
TL;DR: Three copies of a highly repetitive DNA sequence B1 which is complementary to the most abundant class of mouse fold-back RNA have been cloned in pBR322 plasmid and sequenced by the method of Maxam and Gilbert and two regions within the B1 sequence which are homologous to the intron-exon junctions are found.
Abstract: Three copies of a highly repetitive DNA sequence B1 which is complementary to the most abundant class of mouse fold-back RNA have been cloned in pBR322 plasmid and sequenced by the method of Maxam and Gilbert. All the three have a length of about 130 base pairs and are very similar in their base sequence. The deviation from the average sequence is equal to 4% and the overall mismatch between each two is not higher than 8%. One of the recombinant clones used contained two copies of B1 oriented in the same direction. All of the B1 copies are flanked with sequences which possess nonidentical but very similar structure. They consist of a number of AmCn blocks (where m varies from 2 to 8 and n equals 1-2). These peculiar sequences in all cases are separated from B1 by non-homologous DNA stretches of 2-8 residues. In one case, a long polypurine stretch is located next to such a block. It consists of 74 residues most of which represent a reiteration of the basic sequence AAAAG. We have found two regions within the B1 sequence which are homologous to the intron-exon junctions, especially to those present in the large intron of the mouse beta-globin gene. It may indicate the involvement of the B1 sequence in pre-mRNA splicing.
TL;DR: The nucleotide sequence of the recA gene of Escherichia coli is determined; this permits the formulation of the primary structure for theRecA protein, which is consistent with the amino acid composition of the tryptic peptides obtained from the RecA protein.
Abstract: We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the recA gene of Escherichia coli; this permits the formulation of the primary structure for the recA protein. This structure is consistent with the amino acid composition of the tryptic peptides obtained from the recA protein. The coding region of the recA gene has 1059 base pairs, which specify 352 amino acids. The recA protein has alanine and phenylalanine as its NH2- and COOH-terminal amino acids, respectively, and has the following amino acid composition: Cys3 Asp20 Asn15 Met9 Thr17 Ser20 Glu30 Gln13 Pro10 Gly35 Ala38 Val22 Ile27 Leu31 Tyr7 Phe10 His2Lys27 Trp2 Arg14. Of the three cysteine residues, only two can be alkylated under reducing and denaturing conditions. The molecular weight of the recA polypeptide is 37,842.
TL;DR: Closed circular Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) DNA was prepared from recently infected cells and cloned in a lambda vector, providing explicit information concerning the mechanism by which retrovirus DNA integrates into host cell DNA.
Abstract: Closed circular Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) DNA was prepared from recently infected cells and cloned in a lambda vector. Four classes of cloned M-MuLV inserts were found: Class I, full length 8.8-kilobase (kb) inserts with two tandem long terminal repeats (LTRs) of 600 base pairs; class 2, 8.2-kb inserts with a single copy of a LTR; class 3, M-MuLV DNA inserts with various portions deleted; and class 4, an 8.8-kb insert with an internal sequence inversion. Determination of nucleotide sequence at the junction between the two LTRs from a class 1 insert suggested that circularization occurred by blunt-end ligation of an 8.8-kb linear DNA. The class 4 molecule had an inversion that was flanked by inverted LTRs, each of which had lost two terminal base pairs at the inversion end points. Also, four base pairs that were present only once in standard M-MuLV DNA were duplicated at either end of the inversion. This molecule was interpreted as resulting from an integrative inversion in which M-MuLV DNA has integrated into itself. Its analysis thus provided explicit information concerning the mechanism by which retrovirus DNA integrates into host cell DNA. Models of retrovirus integration based on bacterial DNA transposition mechanisms are proposed.
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the techniques for DNA sequence analysis by primed synthesis, which makes use of the ability of DNA polymerases to synthesize a complementary radioactive copy of a single-stranded DNA template using restriction enzyme generated DNA fragments as primers.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the techniques for DNA sequence analysis by primed synthesis Several rapid methods are available for DNA sequence analysis They rely on high resolution electrophoresis on denaturing polyacrylamide gels to resolve oligonucleotides with one common end but varying in length at the other by a single nucleotide The primed synthesis methods make use of the ability of DNA polymerases to synthesize a complementary radioactive copy of a single-stranded DNA template using restriction enzyme generated DNA fragments as primers The chain terminator sequencing procedure is simple, rapid and accurate This method makes use of the 2',3'-dideoxy and the β-D-arabinofuranosyl analogs of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and their incorporation by DNA polymerase I onto the 3'-hydroxyl of an extending transcript The chain termination sequencing method has a number of advantages over the plus and minus and partial ribosubstitution procedures Every nucleotide shows up as a band, even in runs of the same nucleotide
TL;DR: A model for adeno-associated virus DNA replication is presented which agrees in detail with a general model for eucaryotic DNA replication originally proposed by Cavalier-Smith.
Abstract: The inverted terminal repetition in adeno-associated virus type 2 DNA has been sequenced. The terminal repetition contain 145 nucleotides of which the first 125 nucleotides can self-base pair to form a T-shaped hairpin structure. Both restriction endonuclease analysis with SmaI and BglI and direct sequence analysis of the SmaI fragments provide evidence for two sequences in the region of the terminal repetition between nucleotides 44 and 81. The two sequences represent an inversion of the first 125 nucleotides of the terminal repetition. Based on these data a model for adeno-associated virus DNA replication is presented which agrees in detail with a general model for eucaryotic DNA replication originally proposed by Cavalier-Smith (T. Cavalier-Smith, Nature [London] 18:672--684, 1976).
TL;DR: Simian virus 40 minichromosomes are analysed in the electron microscope in an attempt to determine whether alterations in the gross nucleoprotein structure of this region could be visualized and it is reported that such an alteration does exist and that about 25% of SV40 minichromaosomes observed contained a region of DNA between 0.67 and 0.75 map units which is not organized into the typical nucleosome beaded structure.
Abstract: Simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA is found in infected cells in the form of a minichromosome1. It possesses a beaded structure composed of cellular histones and supercoiled viral DNA in a molecular complex which is very similar to that of cellular chromatin2–4. The similarity between these structures, and the fact that the major viral functions take place in cell nuclei via cellular machinery, have made SV40 an attractive model system in which to study the organization and expression of the more complex eukaryotic chromatin. Early studies on SV40 chromatin, attempting to determine the precise distribution of the histone beads (nucleosomes) along the DNA, indicated that the nucleosomes were randomly distributed relative to the viral DNA sequences5–8. This picture has recently been altered by a study indicating that a region close to the viral origin of replication is particularly sensitive to nuclease digestion9–13. Using a variety of nucleases,10–13, the nuclease-sensitive region has been shown to map on a stretch of the genome beginning at the viral origin of replication and continuing about 400 base pairs into the ‘late’ side of the DNA. The simplest interpretations of the presence of a nuclease-sensitive region are that this region is either deficient in nucleosomal protein or that it contains a peculiar arrangement of these protein structures. We have analysed SV40 minichromosomes in the electron microscope in an attempt to determine whether alterations in the gross nucleoprotein structure of this region could be visualized. We report here that such an alteration does exist and that about 25% of SV40 minichromosomes observed contained a region of DNA between 0.67 and 0.75 map units which is not organized into the typical nucleosome beaded structure.
TL;DR: It is suggested that induction by erythromycin involves a shift between alternative ribosome-bound mRNA conformations, so that the Ribosome binding sequence and the start codon for synthesis of the 29K protein are unmasked in the presence of inducer.
Abstract: The DNA sequence of the ermC gene of plasmid pE194 is presented. This determinant is responsible for erythromycin-induced resistance to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B group of antibiotics and specifies a 29,000 dalton inducible protein. The locations of the ermC promoter, as well as that of a probable transcriptional terminator, are established both from the sequence and by transcription mapping. The sequence contains an open reading frame sufficient to encode the previously identified 29,000 dalton ermC protein. Between the promoter and the putative ATG start codon is a 141 base pair leader sequence, within which several regulatory (constitutive) mutations have been mapped and sequenced. The leader has a second open reading frame, sufficient to encode a 19 amino acid peptide. It is suggested that induction by erythromycin involves a shift between alternative ribosome-bound mRNA conformations, so that the ribosome binding sequence and the start codon for synthesis of the 29K protein are unmasked in the presence of inducer. Possible active and inactive folded configuration of the leader sequence are presented, as well as the effects on these configurations of regulatory mutations.
TL;DR: Four small fragments of cloned H. parainfluenzae DNA which retain the ability to be taken up by cells are isolated and sequenced and it is concluded that this is the sequence of the uptake site.
TL;DR: 3'-End labeling with [32P] cordycepin-5'-triphosphate has also proved useful in determining the sequence of the pTU4 DNA in the vicinity of a strategically located SstII endonuclease cleavage site in the replication region of the plasmid.
TL;DR: It appears that overall length and tandem repetition are the critical features, rather than individual unit repeat length or secondary structural potential, in defining these sequences as a class and their special centromeric functions and higher chromosome order.
TL;DR: The 10.5 base periodicity found can be considered as the second message present in chromatin DNA sequences together with 3 base frame coding message, which implies that the DNA is bound to the nucleosomes by one specific side which corresponds to the direction of the sequence-dependent curving of the DNA axis.
Abstract: As found in previous work (E.N. Trifonov and J.L. Sussman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press) some dinucleotides of the chromatin DNA sequences have a clear tendency to be repeated along the sequences with a period of about 10.5 bases. A special iteration procedure is developed to find if there are phase relationships between different periodically repeating dinucleotides of chromatin DNA. A very specific symmetrical pattern of preferences of different dinucleotides to certain positions within a repeating 10.5 base frame is indeed found. This is interpreted as a manifestation of sequence-dependent deformational anisotropy of the chromatin DNA which facilitates its smooth folding in chromatin. The pattern found can be used for locating unidirectionally curved portions of the DNA molecules, possibly corresponding to nucleosomal DNA. This implies that the DNA is bound to the nucleosomes by one specific side which corresponds to the direction of the sequence-dependent curving of the DNA axis. The 10.5 base periodicity found can be considered as the second message present in chromatin DNA sequences together with 3 base frame coding message.
TL;DR: A 606 base pair segment of adenovirus type 2 DNA which includes the gene for polypeptide IX and its flanking regions has been sequenced and direct analysis of its capped oligonucleotide show that the gene and its mRNA are colinear.
TL;DR: This hereditary disease is shown to be the result of a deletion of at least 40,000 base pairs of the γδβ -globin gene locus, which results in a severe anaemia in newborns which subsequently develops into a β-thalassaemia syndrome in adult life.
Abstract: In gamma-beta-thalassaemia, human gamma- and beta-globin gene expression is suppressed; this results in a severe anaemia in newborns which subsequently develops into a beta-thalassaemia syndrome in adult life. This hereditary disease is now shown to be the result of a deletion of at least 40,000 base pairs of the gammadeltabeta-globin gene locus. The gamma- and delta-globin genes are deleted in the affected chromosome but, surprisingly, the beta-globin gene is still present, together with a large segment of the DNA sequences flanking the gene on its 5'-side and the entire region on the 3'-side of the gene. Hence, a deletion of DNA far from the beta-globin gene results in the suppression of its activity.
TL;DR: Two unstable mutations at the his4 locus of yeast are due to the insertion of the transposable elements Ty912 and Ty917 into the his3 regulatory region, similar to those described for the controlling elements in maize.
Abstract: Two unstable mutations at the his4 locus of yeast are due to the insertion of the transposable elements Ty912 and Ty917 into the his4 regulatory region. The two transposons are related, one being derived from the other by a substitution of 4000 base pairs of DNA. Element Ty912 includes identical terminal repeats, whereas the terminal repeats of Ty917 are not identical. Transposition of Ty912 or Ty917 generates 5-base-pair duplications of the target DNA at either end of the element. Expression and reversion of a his4 gene containing Ty912 or Ty917 is controlled by three unlinked regulatory genes. The properties of these regulatory genes are similar to those described for the controlling elements in maize.
TL;DR: A human genomic DNA segment encoding the corticotropin-beta-lipotropin precursor peptide from a fetal DNA library is isolated, using previously cloned bovine cDNA for this peptide as a probe.
Abstract: We have isolated a human genomic DNA segment encoding the corticotropin-beta-lipotropin precursor peptide from a fetal DNA library, using previously cloned bovine cDNA for this peptide as a probe. The human genomic DNA was studied by electron microscope heteroduplex analysis and gel blotting methods, and its nucleotide sequence was determined and compared with that of cDNA corresponding to bovine pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA. From this sequence, segments of interspecies conservation and divergence, punctuated by pairs of the basic amino acid residues lysine and arginine, were identified. No noncoding intervening sequence was observed over an 830-base-pair DNA segment extending from a position near the 5' end of the structural pro-opiomelanocortin gene through the 3' terminus of the cDNA and including sequences for the component peptide hormones corticotropin and beta-lipotropin.
TL;DR: The role of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure in gene regulation is discussed and the properties and conformations of various DNAs are considered and static structure as well as dynamic transitions are reviewed.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the role of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure in gene regulation. It also considers the properties and conformations of various DNAs and review static structure as well as dynamic transitions. Some of the goals of current research in this area are the following: (1) determination of the properties of regions of DNA along the high molecular-weight chromosomes; (2) identification of the interactions between the neighboring regions of DNA; (3) determination of how the properties of DNA influence the specificity or affinity of regulatory proteins that interact with specific regions of DNA; (4) identification of how the interaction of regulatory proteins, with DNA, modifies the properties of the DNA target site; (5) investigation of the presumed correlation between the physical properties of a region of DNA and its genetic function. A complete knowledge of the kinetic and equilibrium properties of the interaction of specific DNA target sites, with important regulatory proteins, is fundamental for the eventual comprehension of gene regulation. Cellular differentiation is the orderly and programmed expression of a family of genes. Alternatively, the malignant transformation of a cell will eventually be recognized as a faulty interaction between one or more key proteins and their DNA receptor sites.