Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 2020"

Volatile-Organic-Compound-Intercepting Solar Distillation Enabled by a Photothermal/Photocatalytic Nanofibrous Membrane with Dual-Scale Pores.

Abstract: Solar distillation is emerging as a robust and energy-effective tool for water purification and freshwater production. However, many water sources contain harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can evaporate through the photothermal evaporators and be collected together with distilled water, or even be enriched in the distilled water. In view of the penetration of volatile organic compounds, herein, we rationally demonstrate a dual-scale porous, photothermal/photocatalytic, flexible membrane for intercepting volatile organic compounds during solar distillation, which is based on a mesoporous oxygen-vacancy-rich TiO2-x nanofibrous membrane (m-TiO2-x NFM). The dual-scale porous structure was constructed by micrometer-sized interconnected tortuous pores formed by the accumulation of m-TiO2-x nanofibers and nanometer-sized pores in the m-TiO2-x individual nanofibers. Consequently, the membrane can sustainably in situ intercept VOCs by providing more photocatalytic reactive sites for collision (mainly by mesopores) and longer tortuous channels for prolonging VOC retention (mainly by micrometer-sized pores); thus, it results in less than 5% of phenol residual in distilled water. As a proof of concept, when the m-TiO2-x NFM is employed to purify practical river water in an evaporation prototype under real solar irradiation, complex volatile natural organic contaminants can be effectively intercepted and the produced distilled water meets the drinking water standards of China. This development will promote the application prospects of solar distillation.

Adsorption process and mechanism of acetaminophen onto commercial activated carbon

Abstract: The presence of acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol; PRC) micropollutant in water can cause some potential health risks for human. In this study, commercial activated carbon (CAC), which has been oxidized with HNO3 by supplier to increase the oxygen-functional groups, was applied to remove PRC from water. Results demonstrated that CAC is a dominantly mesoporous material (accounting for 76.3%) with large surface area (SBET = 1284 m2/g) and high total pore volume (VTotal = 0.680 cm3/g). CAC possessed abundantly oxygen-containing functionalities and low pHPZC (4.95). Raman spectrum of CAC indicated that CAC possessed a more disordered structure with a high intensity ratio of D band and G band (ID/IG = 2.011). Adsorption study showed that the adsorption capacity of CAC towards PRC was less affected by solution pH value (2.0–10), and ionic strength (0–1.0 M NaCl), and different water matrixes (distilled water, tap water, coastal water, wastewater from water treatment plant, groundwater, and wastewater from beauty salon). The adsorption process occurred rapidly, with around 52% of PRC in solution (∼517 mg/L) being removed within 5 min of contact. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of CAC was 221 mg/g under 1.0 g/L of CAC, pH 7.0, 25 °C, and initial concentration of paracetamol (∼100–1200 mg/L). The pore-filling was the most important mechanism. The SBET and VTotal of CAC after adsorption decreased (by approximately 96% for both) to 45.6 m2/g and 0.039 cm3/g, respectively. The second important mechanism involved in n-π interaction was established by a remarkably decrease in the band intensity (the FTIR spectrum after adsorption) at 1630 cm−1 (the C O group). Weak π-π interaction was confirmed a significant decrease in the ID/IG ratio from 2.011 to 1.947 after adsorption. Hydrogen bonding formations were recommended by decreasing band intensity in FTIR spectrum at 3448 cm−1 (O H) and 1045 cm−1 (C O). Weak van der Waals force was identified through the study of effect of solution temperature and desorption. Consequently, oxidized CAC can serve as a promising and potential material for efficiently eliminating PRC from water environments.

Multiscale Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sandstone in Three Gorges Reservoir Region Subjected to Cyclic Wetting–Drying of Yangtze River Water

Abstract: Natural rock often suffers from cyclic wetting–drying involving different water types, and the resulting deterioration may differ from laboratory tests using distilled water or salt solutions. An inappropriate estimation of this deterioration effect may lead to fatal geological hazards and engineering failures. A multiscale study is conducted to investigate the physical and mechanical features of sandstone in Three Gorges Reservoir region (TGR sandstone) subjected to cyclic wetting–drying of Yangtze River water. During this study, three types of water, i.e., Yangtze River water, ionized water having similar ion compositions as the Yangtze River water, and distilled water, are used for comparison. The results show that the multiscale physical properties including mineral compositions (especially calcite and albite), micro-pore parameters, computed tomography values, and macro-mechanical parameters (i.e., Young’s modulus, uniaxial compression strength and tensile strength) are remarkably altered during the cyclic wetting–drying process. Significant correlations are found between these numerous multiscale properties. The results indicate that changes of mineral compositions and microstructure are the primary reasons for the deterioration of sandstone strength. The deterioration effect of distilled water on TGR sandstone is the least, while the effect of ionized water is the greatest, and that of river water being intermediate. These differences are ascribed to different chemical interactions, together with possible microorganism effects for river water, as microorganisms in river water potentially weaken the deterioration of cyclic wetting–drying of river water. In situ water is recommended for studying how rock properties are affected by water–rock interactions in real settings.

Effect of aluminum balls on the productivity of solar distillate

Abstract: Drinking water has become a real global problem, despite the abundance of unsaturated saltwater and colorless, which do not meet the requirements of the World Health Organization. The El Oued, in the southeastern part of Algeria, contains vast quantities of salt water and non-potable water. Solar distillation can be used as a solution to resolve this trouble. To provide drinking water, we use free sunlight to treat salt water. The traditional solar distillation device, which is one mile long (0.5×0.5 m), is designed to confirm the effectiveness of this solution. The traditional single slope solar distillation, its dimensions (0.5×0.5 m), is designed to confirm the effectiveness of this solution. Solar distillation is an environmental, economic and simple technique, but it needs some modifications to increase the distilled water production. In this work, we added aluminum balls inside the solar distillate box. In this work, we added 42 aluminum balls with a diameter of 2 cm inside a solar distillates box; positioned as follows (6 balls x 7 balls). The results showed that aluminum balls increased the distillation of distilled water by about 27.16 %.

Comparative analysis on freshwater yield from conventional basin-type single slope solar still with cement-coated red bricks: an experimental approach.

Abstract: This manuscript communicates the use of cement-coated red bricks for augmenting the production of distilled water using a traditional single slope solar still by low cost energy storage. The exposure area of water is increased in modified solar still (MSS) by keeping the cement-coated red bricks in the absorber. Using the energy storage material in the absorber, the water temperature was higher in the case of MSS at 20 kg water mass which was the minimum mass used during the experiment in the basin. From the results, it was also found that there is an improvement of about 34% in the temperature of water which acts as the driving force for evaporation of water inside the closed chamber. Furthermore, with increase in water temperature the productivity was enhanced by 45% as compared to the CSS. Comparison of different solar still on productivity was also analysed, and it is seen that the yield is higher in the present study by 38.8% than double slope-double basin solar still with different energy storage. The daily yield from CSS for water depth of 20, 30, 40 and 50 was found as 3.2, 2.8, 2.7 and 2.6 kg, whereas the modified solar still produced 6.3, 6, 5. 8 and 5.6 kg, respectively. Due to the reduced daily yield at higher water masses, the cost per litre of water produced from both conventional and modified solar still is higher.

Effect of immersion in distilled water or phosphate-buffered saline on the solubility, volumetric change and presence of voids within new calcium silicate-based root canal sealers

Abstract: Aim To assess the effect of immersion in distilled water or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on the solubility, volumetric change and presence of voids of calcium silicate-based root canal sealers (TotalFill BC, Sealer Plus BC and Bio-C), in comparison with the gold standard epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus). Methodology All properties were evaluated after immersion in distilled water or PBS. Solubility was determined by the percentage of mass loss, whereas volumetric change and presence of voids were evaluated by micro-computed tomography, after 7 days of immersion. The volumetric change and percentage of voids between the baseline (after setting) and the experimental period were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way anova and Tukey's or Student's t-tests (α = 0.05). Results The calcium silicate-based sealers had significantly greater solubility and volumetric loss than AH Plus, after immersion in distilled water or PBS (P 0.05). Regarding the volumetric change, AH Plus had a volume increase, with similar values in distilled water and PBS (P > 0.05). TotalFill BC, Sealer Plus BC and Bio-C had a similar volumetric change (P > 0.05). The calcium silicate-based materials had the greatest solubility and volume loss after immersion in distilled water (P 0.05). Conclusions TotalFill BC, Sealer Plus BC and Bio-C had significantly greater solubility and volumetric loss than AH Plus. Although storage in PBS significantly reduced the solubility and volumetric change of calcium silicate-based sealers, their solubility remained above that recommend by ISO 6876. All the sealers evaluated had low and similar voids, even after immersion in distilled water or PBS.

Extraction of drinking water from modified inclined solar still incorporated with spiral tube solar water heater

Abstract: Modified Inclined Solar Stills in passive (PISS) and active mode (AISS) were fabricated and researched in the environmental condition of Chennai, India. In an AISS, Spiral Tube Collector (STC) has been integrated for the extraction of drinking water. The major intention of the current research is to estimate the performance of the PISS and AISS for extracting fresh water from brackish water. The highest distilled water production from the PISS and AISS is 4.4 and 8.3 kg/day, respectively. Furthermore, water quality analysis for brackish water has been carried out. The obtained pH value of the brackish water is 8.7 and for fresh water are 7.6. The water qualities meet EPA standards.

Enhanced Biosynthesis Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) for their Antifungal Activity Toxicity against Major Phyto-Pathogens of Apple Orchards

Abstract: The present study made an attempt to develop copper nanoparticles (Cu-NP) with antifungal property using green synthesis method. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) botanically synthesized using Neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) were characterized by using different techniques like; UV–visible spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, SEM and TEM. Materials were chosen the disease free and fresh Azadirachta indica A. Juss were collected and identified at Center of Biodiversity and Taxonomy. The plant samples were vigorously washed with distilled water then shade dried followed by sterilization with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 20 s and again it was washed with distilled water. 15 g powder form of plant material was added to 200 ml double distilled, CO2 free and deionized water and kept in shaker at 80°C and 1500 rpm for six hours. After agitation, the extract was separated by regular centrifugation at 10,000 rpm followed by filtration by using whatmann filter paper. The final volume of 100 ml of supernatant was collected as pure extract and stored in cool place for further use. The final results confirm a significant inhibition of CuO-NPs for the test fungi. Additionally, CuO-NPs demonstrated an enhanced effect when combined with Neem leaf extract. A total of 20–30% improvement in activity was noticed after combination, which correlates with commonly used synthetic fungicides. The toxicity results reveal that A. indica extract and their combined fractions with CuO-NP were less toxic to the test seeds of experimental plant while as bulk Cu followed by biosynthesized CuO-NPs influenced the germination rate as compared to control pots. The study drops a concern of research and offers a promising route of developing Copper based green fungicides that can help to combat with modern issues of synthetic fungicides. An average size of 80 ± 15 nm monoclinic cupric oxide (CuO) and cubic cuprous oxides (Cu2O) nanocrystals that existed in mixed form were successfully developed.

A flowerlike sponge coated with carbon black nanoparticles for enhanced solar vapor generation

Abstract: Interfacial solar-driven water evaporation is emerging as a new and promising technology due to its great potential in utilizing solar energy for various applications such as desalination, purification and sterilization. Here, we propose a model to enhance the generation of solar steam by adjusting the surface topography of a sponge-based solar evaporator. A flowerlike solar vapor generation system, which is composed of recycled low-cost materials including polyurethane sponge, carbon black nanoparticles, cotton strip and polystyrene foam, is reported. An evaporation rate of 2.31 kg m−2 h−1 is obtained under 1 sun illumination, which is attributed to the increased actual surface area, efficient light absorption and satisfactory heat insulation. In addition, this solar-driven vapor generation device exhibits excellent water desalination performance. Ion concentrations (Na+, Mg2+, K+ and Ca2+) of distilled water decrease far below the normal concentration set by WHO for drinking water. This work provides an alternative way to achieve highly efficient solar vapor generation for desalination and purification of seawater and industrial sewage.

Effects of NaCl solution on the swelling and shrinkage behavior of compacted bentonite under one-dimensional conditions

Abstract: Because of its low hydraulic conductivity, high swelling capacity, and good adsorption properties, Gaomiaozi (GMZ) bentonite has been proposed as a suitable buffer/backfill material for construction of artificial barriers in deep geological repositories for high-level nuclear waste (HLW) disposal in China. By varying the concentration of NaCl solution and total suction, the swelling and shrinkage characteristics of compacted GMZ bentonite were studied under one-dimensional conditions. Results show that the swelling strain of compacted GMZ bentonite decreases as the concentration of NaCl solution increases under one-dimensional conditions. During drying with suction control by vapor phase technique, the density increases with suction. Simultaneously, the sample saturated with salt solution has a larger void ratio than that of the sample saturated with distilled water under the same suction. The void ratio and water content of the samples decrease with increasing suction. For a given suction, the sample saturated with salt solution has a higher degree of saturation than the sample saturated with distilled water. With the obtained water content (w), void ratio (e), and the degree of saturation (Sr), soil-water retention curves (SWRCs) were calculated for samples initially hydrated with different concentrations of NaCl solution. The SWRCs reveal that the sample with salt solution has higher water retention capacity than the sample with distilled water. A modified SWRC equation was proposed to account for the effect of NaCl solutions on the drying process of compacted GMZ bentonite under one-dimensional conditions. The results confirm that the modified SWRC equation can effectively describe the SWRCs of compacted GMZ bentonite considering the effects of NaCl solutions.

Freshwater production via efficient oil-water separation and solar-assisted water evaporation using black titanium oxide nanoparticles.

Abstract: Fabrication of a multipurpose superhydrophobic mesh via modification of a galvanized steel mess using black titanium oxide nanoparticles and perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane is reported. Modified mesh exhibits superhydrophobicity with a water static contact angle of 157° ± 2 along with a tilt angle of 5° ± 1 and suitable chemical, thermal, mechanical stability, and self-cleaning ability. The droplet dynamic behavior of superhydrophobic mesh revels the impact velocity is 1.5 ms−1 for splashing of the water droplet. The developed mesh is studied for freshwater generation from oily water and seawater via efficient oil-water separation and solar evaporation, respectively. A proficiency of 99% and 88% is achieved for oil-water separation from mixture and emulsion, respectively. Solar evaporation efficiency of 64% and 76% are recorded under low-intensity light (225 Wm−2) and natural sunlight (591 Wm−2), respectively, from distilled water. For seawater, the evaporation efficiency of 69% is achieved under natural sunlight. Present approach can be applied to any size and shape of the mesh and has great industrial applications.

Self-Suspended Photothermal Microreactor for Water Desalination and Integrated Volatile Organic Compound Removal.

Abstract: Steam generation and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants based on solar light are regarded as two important strategies for addressing the water scarcity issues. The water evaporation efficiency was greatly inhibited by the high cost, low stability, and low efficiencies of solar light absorption and photothermal conversion of photothermal materials. Moreover, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are easily volatilized and enriched in as-distilled water during the photothermal process. Inspired by the structure of biomass materials in nature, a bifunctional solar light-driven steam generation and VOC removal microreactor was explored by coating commercial TiO2 (P25) powders on a carbonized biomass waste Flammulina. With the 3D aligned porous carbon architectures, this microreactor exhibited both a high water evaporation rate (37.0 kg m-2 h-1) and a high energy conversion efficiency (91.2%) under simulated sunlight irradiation (light intensity = 25.5 kW m-2). A high VOC removal rate (80.9% in 40 min) was also achieved during the steam generation process via choosing phenol as the probe pollutant molecules. The nature-inspired designing concept and bifunctional microreactor in this study may open up a new strategy for producing clean distilled water from seawater with an efficient removal of VOCs.

Resonant energy transfer enhances solar thermal desalination

Abstract: Evaporation-based solar thermal distillation is a promising approach for purifying high-salinity water, but the liquid-vapor phase transition inherent to this process makes it intrinsically energy intensive. Here we show that the exchange of heat between the distilled and input water can fulfill a resonance condition, resulting in dramatic increases in fresh water production. Large gains (500%) in distilled water are accomplished by coupling nanophotonics-enabled solar membrane distillation with dynamic thermal recovery, achieved by controlling input flow rates as a function of incident light intensity. The resonance condition, achieved for the circulating heat flux between the distillate and feed, allows the system to behave in an entirely new way, as a desalination oscillator. The resonant oscillator concept introduced here is universal and can be applied to other systems such as thermal energy storage or solar-powered chemical reactors.

Potential Effect of Porosity Evolution of Cemented Paste Backfill on Selective Solidification of Heavy Metal Ions.

Abstract: Cemented paste backfill (CPB) is a common environmentally friendly mining approach. However, it remains undetermined whether CPB pollutes underground mine water. Tank leaching analysis of a CPB mass in distilled water was performed for 120 d, and water quality was tested in situ for a long-term pollution assessment. Computerized tomography was also used to determine the CPB micro-pore structure and ion-leaching mechanism. The dissolved Zn2+, Pb2+ and As5+ concentrations in the leachate peaked at 0.56, 0.11 and 0.066 mg/L, respectively, whereas the Co2+ and Cd2+ concentrations were lower than the detection limit. The CPB porosity decreased from 46.07% to 40.88% by soaking, and 80% of the pore diameters were less than 13.81 μm. The permeability decreased from 0.8 to 0.5 cm/s, and the quantity, length, and diameter of the permeate channels decreased with soaking. An in-situ survey showed novel selective solidification. The Zn2+ concentration in the mine water was 10-20 times that of the background water, and the Pb2+ concentration was 2-4 times the regulated value. Although the Pb2+ content decreased significantly with mining depth, there remains a serious environmental risk. Mine water pollution can be reduced by adding a solidifying agent for Pb2+ and Zn2+, during CPB preparation.

Phytoremediation of Copper-Contaminated Water with Pistia stratiotes in Surface and Distilled Water

Abstract: Copper contamination of industrial waste streams is increasingly common with copper used in an array of industrial processes. Phytoremediation of copper-contaminated water with Pistia stratiotes presents a cost-effective, efficient and uncomplicated alternative for copper removal from industrial wastewater. This study examines the ability of Pistia stratiotes to remove copper from distilled water representing a highly nutrient-deficient medium and natural surface water containing plant nutrients inherently. Control and experimental sets were set up with growth solutions of distilled water and natural surface water spiked with 5 g/mL, 10 g/mL, 15 g/mL, 20 g/mL and 25 g/mL copper. The control sets were devoid of Pistia stratiotes while the experimental sets contained Pistia stratiotes. Copper concentration and pH of the solutions were tracked over 10 days. This study revealed the ability of Pistia stratiotes to remove copper in both types of growth solution with contamination level ranging from 5 to 25 mg/L and pointed to its ability to phytoremediate higher level of copper contamination. Pistia stratiotes also raised the pH of the growth solutions. Copper removal from both types of growth solution demonstrated a predominantly first-order elimination kinetics except for copper concentrations above 15 mg/L in distilled water where the zero-order elimination kinetics predominated. Copper removal efficiency decreased with increasing copper concentrations in both types of growth solution with removal efficiency in natural surface water growth solutions consistently higher. It highlights the ability of Pistia stratiotes to phytoremediate highly nutrient-deficient and natural surface water media.

Water Absorption and Hygrothermal Aging Behavior of Wood-Polypropylene Composites.

Abstract: Environmentally sound composites reinforced with natural fibers or particles interest many researchers and engineers due to their great potential to substitute the traditional composites reinforced with glass fibers. However, the sensitivity of natural fiber-reinforced composites to water has limited their applications. In this paper, wood powder-reinforced polypropylene composites (WPCs) with various wood content were prepared and subjected to water absorption tests to study the water absorption procedure and the effect of water absorbed in the specimens on the mechanical properties. Water soaking tests were carried out by immersion of composite specimens in a container of distilled water maintained at three different temperatures, 23, 60 and 80 °C. The results showed that the moisture absorption content was related to wood powder percentage and they had a positive relationship. The transfer process of water molecules in the sample was found to follow the Fickian model and the diffusion constant increased with elevated water temperature. In addition, tensile and bending tests of both dry and wet composite samples were conducted and the results indicated that water absorbed in composite specimens degraded their mechanical properties. The tensile strength and modulus of the composites reinforced with 15, 30, 45 wt % wood powder decreased by 5.79%, 17.2%, 32.06% and 25.31%, 33.6%, 47.3% respectively, compared with their corresponding dry specimens. The flexural strength and modulus of the composite samples exhibited a similar result. Furthermore, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) also confirmed that the detrimental effect of water molecules on the composite specimens.

Preparation of Nano-Silver-Containing Polyethylene Composite Film and Ag Ion Migration into Food-Simulants.

Abstract: Nano-composite films were developed between silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) using master batches by melt extruding and melt compounding. The Ag/PE composite film showed decreased gas permeability, moisture permeability coefficient, the tear strength, the longitudinal and transverse elongation to that of commercial LDPE. Although stiffness increased at high Ag (40 ppm) concentration, but the longitudinal and transverse tensile strength enhance comparing with commercial PE. Light transmittance and haze were comparable. Both Nano-silver and composite films are effective against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Antibacterial activity of nano-silver for E. coli was determined by diameter of the inhibition zone and the minimum inhibitory concentration of nano-silver is detected by tube double dilution method reaching 15.63 ppm. The composite films are effective inhibition of E. coli at concentrations of 40 ppm Ag nanoparticles. Moreover, Nano-silver migration occurs in composite film. One-side migration was conducted to detect under three food simulants (3% acetic acid, 50% ethanol and distilled water) at three degree of temperature (25 °C, 40 °C and 70 °C) on different period of time (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours). These results indicated that the highest migration amount was obtained with 3% acetic acid following distilled water and finally 50% ethanol under same conditions. The migration level is dependent upon time and temperature and high migration time and temperature can enhance migration level. These findings demonstrate that nano-silver-containing polyethylene composite film may have a great potential for developing antibacterial and acid food packaging system.

Degradation of anionic azo dyes in aqueous solution using a continuous flow photocatalytic packed-bed reactor: Influence of water matrix and toxicity evaluation

Abstract: A continuous flow photocatalytic packed-bed reactor irradiated by UV-LEDs was employed for the degradation of two toxic anionic azo dyes: Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) and Methyl Orange (MeO). Commercial anatase TiO2 in pellets form was used as packing material for the photoreactor. The experimental tests were carried out using both distilled and tap water as aqueous matrix for the two selected dyes. The influence of the liquid flow rate on the performances of the photocatalytic packed-bed reactor was investigated in the range 0.5–2.1 mL/min. Photocatalytic results showed that, under UV light, the system allows to achieve steady-state dyes concentration values without deactivation phenomena in 510 min irradiation time. Using distilled water, the highest efficiency of the process (EBT and MeO decolorization of about 100 % and 90 %, respectively) was observed with a liquid flow rate of 0.5 mL/min (contact time =6.6 min). In the presence of tap water and using the same contact time, the EBT decolourization was still total whereas MeO degradation was lower and equal to 70 %. For this reason, the photocatalytic reactor was followed by an adsorption unit based on the use of activated carbon. With such configuration, the complete MeO decolourization was achieved. The total removal of toxicity for EBT was achieved with just one packed-bed reactor being the toxicity of potential by-products not relevant. In the case of MeO, the full toxicity removal was obtained only after powdered activated carbon filtration.

Effect of pore water chemistry on the behaviour of a kaolin–bentonite mixture during drying and wetting cycles

Abstract: The behaviour of a kaolin–bentonite mixture with different pore water chemistry, i.e. distilled water, NaCl and CaCl2 solutions, was investigated through a number of cyclic drying and wetting tests...

Impact of Temperature Changes and Freeze—Thaw Cycles on the Behaviour of Asphalt Concrete Submerged in Water with Sodium Chloride

Abstract: One of the main applications of salt in civil engineering is its use as a de-icing agent on roads in cold areas. The purpose of this research is to find out the mechanical behaviour of an asphalt concrete when it is subjected to temperature changes and freeze–thaw cycles. These temperature interactions have been carried out for dry specimens, specimens submerged in distilled water and specimens submerged in salt water (5% of sodium chloride, NaCl). An AC16 Surf D bituminous mixture was evaluated under three types of temperature interaction: three reference series remained at a controlled temperature of 20 °C, another three series were subjected to five freeze–thaw cycles and the last three series have been subjected to one year outside in Santander (Spain). The mechanical behaviour of the mixture was determined by Indirect Tensile Strength Test (ITS), Water Sensitivity Test (ITSR) and Wheel Tracking Test, Dynamic Modulus Test and Fatigue Tests. The results of the tests show that, although the temperature changes have a negative effect on the mechanical properties, salt water protects the aggregate-binder adhesive, maintains the mechanical strength, increases the number of load cycles for any strain range and reduces the time that the mixture is in contact with frozen water.