Showing papers on "Emulsified fuel published in 2015"
TL;DR: The most explored emulsified fuel in a diesel engine is the water in diesel emulsion as discussed by the authors, which is one of the most efficient and reliable energy conversion devices available till date.
Abstract: Diesel engine is one of the most efficient and reliable energy conversion devices available till date. During the beginning of twentieth century, the plenty of low cost diesel have engrossed people to run diesel engines with diesel. However, after more than a century, the scenario has just been reversed. The frantic use of diesel has now led to a situation where the global fossil diesel storage may last merely for a few decades. As a result, the price of diesel has reached to a momentous height. This is coupled with the serious environmental pollution created by its burning. These facts have stimulated researchers around the globe to search for suitable, sustainable, renewable, and cheap alternative to diesel fuel, which is environmentally benign too. Among many solutions proposed, emulsified fuel is one of them, which comes under the fuel modification techniques. In this method, two or more mutually immiscible fluids are mixed together, which is expected to run a diesel engine and replicate its performance, combustion and emission characteristics. The most explored emulsified fuel in a diesel engine is the water in diesel emulsion. Alongside, the emulsions prepared with animal fat, methanol, ethanol and few studies with emulsified biodiesels have also been reported. The present paper attempts to accumulate most of these studies under a single shed. Efforts have been made to analyze the numerous studies on emulsified fuel both qualitatively and quantitatively. The paper starts giving an introduction to the types of emulsion, their characteristics, and the criteria of preparing an effective emulsion, followed by the review of their performance, combustion, emission and spray characteristics when run in a diesel engine. At the end, some of the significant points have been addressed based on the extensive review on the state-of-the-art literature, followed by some possibilities of future research.
130 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a significant reduction in energy and chemical use for efficient break up of water-in-oil emulsions through the application of microwave heating, which showed that asphaltenes and resins have greater role than the water molecules.
Abstract: The stability of water-in-oil emulsions highly depends on the existence of polar components and their interactions within the emulsions. Asphaltenes, resins, and water are the main polar components of the emulsions. As the stability of the emulsions increases, emulsion breaking becomes more difficult and requires more energy and chemical input. With this study, we propose a significant reduction in energy and chemical use for efficient break up of water-in-oil emulsions through the application of microwave heating. To demonstrate this concept, we conduct experiments on different emulsions that originated from steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) and expanding solvent SAGD (ES-SAGD) and investigate how the polar components initially present in the emulsions affect the microwave efficiency. Water, a polar molecule which is the main component in emulsions, was expected to allow the most efficient microwave absorption. However, our results show that asphaltenes and resins have greater role than the water co...
90 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of osmotic pressure tailoring and gelation of the inner dispersed w1 water droplets on the stability and yield of multiple emulsions was investigated.
77 citations
TL;DR: Using oppositely charged latex particles as a model system, Pickering emulsions with good long-term stability can be obtained without the need for any electrolyte and the particle composition is found to affect the formation of emulsion.
Abstract: In this study we explore the fundamental aspects of Pickering emulsions stabilized by oppositely charged particles. Using oppositely charged latex particles as a model system, Pickering emulsions with good long-term stability can be obtained without the need for any electrolyte. The effects of parameters like oil to water ratio, mixed particle composition, and pH on emulsion type and stability are explored and linked to the behavior of the aqueous particle dispersion prior to emulsification. The particle composition is found to affect the formation of emulsions, viz., stable emulsions were obtained close to a particle number ratio of 1:1, and no emulsion was formed with either positively or negatively charged particles alone. The emulsions in particle mixtures exhibited phase inversion from oil-in-water to water-in-oil beyond an oil volume fraction of 0.8. Morphological features of emulsion droplets in terms of particle arrangement on the droplets are discussed.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the main components of an emulsion are the two liquid phases, typically oil and water, a mixture of liquid droplets in another immiscible liquid, typically water and oil.
Abstract: Emulsions are multiphasic fluid systems in which liquid droplets are dispersed in another immiscible liquid. The main components of an emulsion are the two liquid phases, typically oil and water, a...
74 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental study, including phase behavior tests, rheology studies, core flooding and microscopic visualization tests for investigating the synergistic effect of nanoparticles and surfactants in stabilizing oil-in-water emulsions for improved heavy oil recovery.
64 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the fabrication of multiple emulsions where both the enclosed and the external water phases are structured using a combination of two non-gelling biopolymers.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the variation of rate of flow of O/W emulsions with pressure drop and calculated the effective viscosity of the emulsion, which was expressed as a function of shear rate while flowing through porous media.
58 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of obtaining polyurethane modified bitumen emulsions, in which an isocyanate-functionalized polyol constitutes the bitumen modifier (in varying concentration from 1 to 4 wt.).
Abstract: Bitumen emulsions stand for an alternative paving practice to the traditional hot-mix asphalts. In addition, modified bitumen emulsions show a better performance than unmodified ones. This work studies the feasibility of obtaining polyurethane modified bitumen emulsions, in which an isocyanate-functionalized polyol constitutes the bitumen modifier (in varying concentration from 1 to 4 wt%). Storage stability and high in-service performance are evaluated by means of evolution of droplet size distribution (DSD) and rheology tests, respectively. Regarding the emulsion stability, the key factor seems to be the bitumen modifier concentration used to prepare the modified emulsions. Thus, for a selected 50 wt% bitumen fraction, there is a limit concentration (between 1 and 2 wt%) above which the emulsion becomes unstable under storage. Hence, this result limits the modifier content that can be used in the emulsion and the final level of modification achieved if compared to the original non-modified emulsion. On the other hand, the rheological characterization conducted on the emulsion residues at 60 °C has shown an improved resistance to deformation. In terms of applicability, polyurethane modified bitumens allows for the obtaining of modified emulsions which can be prepared at much lower temperatures than those derived from other polymers.
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of silk fibroin concentration, oil volume fraction, and oil type on the stability and rheological behavior of oil/water emulsions were investigated.
40 citations
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this article, a single cylinder water cooled four stroke diesel engine with CNT-emulsified fuel is used in a single-cylinder water cooled 4 stroke engine and the results have shown significant improvement in the engine performance, combustions attributes and reduction in emissions using CNTs.
Abstract: CNT-emulsified fuel is used in a single cylinder water cooled four stroke diesel engine. CNT: Carbon nano tubes are produced by indigenous flame synthesis method. Water diesel emulsion prepared in the proportion of 83% diesel, 15% water and 2% surfactant is used. Tween 80 and Span 80 are used as surfactants with a HLB balance of 8. CNT in the mass fraction of 50ppm, 100ppm and 150ppm are blended in the water diesel emulsion. CNT are dispersed in the water for 35 minutes with the help of ultrasonicator set at frequency of 40 kHz and ultrasonic power of 120 W. Dispersed CNT are subsequently added in mixture of diesel and surfactant to produce CNT blended water diesel emulsion. A mechanical homogeniser is used to produce emulsion at the speed of 3000 rpm for 25 minutes. The experiment is conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine coupled with eddy current dynamometer and equipped with data acquisition system. Exhaust emissions are measured by AVL Di-gas analyser and AVL smoke opacity meter. Experiment is carried out at a constant speed of 1500 rpm from no load to full load for all fuel specimens. Effect of CNT-emulsified fuel on the characteristics such as rate of pressure rise, net heat release in the cylinder , brake specific fuel consumption ,brake thermal efficiency, and emissions i.e. NOx, CO, HC, CO2 are analyzed. The results have shown significant improvement in the engine performance, combustions attributes and reduction in emissions using CNT-emulsified fuel.
TL;DR: In this article, the performance and emissions of two typical diesel engines using glucose solution emulsified diesel fuel were compared with pure diesel, and the results showed that the brake thermal efficiencies were improved.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of water content and temperature were considered in the study of sedimentation velocity of water-oil emulsions, which yielded high settling velocities at low water contents, even when very small droplets were present.
Abstract: Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions are complex mixtures generally found in crude oil production in reservoirs and processing equipment. Sedimentation studies of water-oil emulsions enable the analysis of the fluid dynamic behavior concerning separation of this system composed of two immiscible liquids. Gravitational settling was evaluated in this article for a model emulsion system consisting of water and a Brazilian crude oil diluted in a clear mineral oil as organic phase. The effects of water content and temperature were considered in the study of sedimentation velocity of water-oil emulsions. Water contents between 10% and 50 % and temperatures of 25, 40 and 60 oC were evaluated, and a Richardson-Zaki type correlation was obtained to calculate settling velocities as a function of the process variables investigated. Water contents and average droplet sizes were monitored at different levels in the settling equipment, thus enabling identification of the effect of these variables on the phenomena of sedimentation and coalescence of the emulsions studied. The results showed that the emulsion stability during sedimentation was governed by the emulsion water content, which yielded high settling velocities at low water contents, even when very small droplets were present. A quantitative analysis of the combined effects of drop size and droplet concentration supports the conclusion that a stronger effect is produced by the higher concentration of particles, compared with the relatively smaller effect of increasing the size of the droplets.
TL;DR: In this article, texturized whey protein powder (tWPC) was used to stabilize butter and corn oil emulsions in a supercritical fluid extrusion process and the stability of the emulsion morphology was investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new approach was proposed to stabilize highly concentrated water-in-oil emulsion by adding colloidal particles in combination with short amphiphilic molecules, which showed that the most stable emulsions are formed from dispersions having maximum particle flocculation induced by SMO reverse micelles, in line with the SMO-to-particle ratio transitional point.
Abstract: Currently, there is considerable interest in highly concentrated emulsions (HCE) due to both the variety of rheological effects that are observed in their deformation and flow and to their practical application in the mining, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries. The material investigated is highly concentrated water-in-oil emulsion with a dispersed phase volume fraction of approximately 90%. The dispersed phase is a super-cooled solution of inorganic salts. Instability of such emulsions arises either from crystallization of the dispersed phase in the system during ageing or under high shear conditions. Here, we report a new approach to stabilize this highly concentrated water-in-oil emulsion by adding colloidal particles in combination with short amphiphilic molecules. A series of five fumed silica nanoparticles, each with a different hydrophobicity index (HI) in the ranges 0.60–1.34 and >3, were mixed with sorbitan monooleate (SMO) into the oil phase prior to emulsification. The refinement time, rheological properties and stability of the resulting emulsions were investigated for varying SMO/particle ratios. At low surfactant-to-particle ratio, the silica content controls emulsion stability, but above some critical level (transitional point) SMO dominates over particles. The relationship between shear modulus and SMO-to-particle ratio shows the same transition point related to the same SMO-to-particle ratio found with the refinement time. Interestingly, for each HI, the emulsions are most stable in terms of both shelf life and under high shear when prepared with a SMO-to-particle ratio equaling exactly the value at this transitional point. Using the relationship between the zero modulus of particle dispersions in oil and the SMO-to-particle ratio, we show that the most stable emulsions are formed from dispersions having maximum particle flocculation, induced by SMO reverse micelles, in line with the SMO-to-particle ratio transitional point.
TL;DR: In this article, a biomass oil/diesel blend was prepared using an emulsion method and combusted in a diesel engine, and the morphology, composition, and structure of the carbonaceous deposits on the pintle-type nozzle were characterized using a combination of HRTEM, SEM/EDAX, Raman and XRD.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a co-flow diffusion burner to analyze the initial thermal decomposition at diesel diffusion combustion and showed that diffusion combustion of W/O fuels contribute to Soluble Organic Fraction (SOF) and Solid reduction which leads to reduction of CO and increase of CO2 respectively.
Abstract: Water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (W/O) operated in diesel engines, shows a significant reduction of particulate matter (PM). In this paper, PM reduction characteristics by thermal decomposition of W/O10 and W/O20 (10vol.% and 20vol.% of water in W/O respectively) are identified in diesel combustion atmosphere using a plug flow reactor with a co-flow diffusion burner. To analyze initial thermal decomposition at diesel diffusion combustion, the W/O fuels are thermally decomposed in the plug flow reactor first, then the thermally decomposed W/O fuels are introduced into a co-flow diffusion burner as fuel and PM are generated. In high temperature atmosphere without oxygen in the reactor, W/O10 and W/O20 are thermally decomposed and both of them almost produce light hydrocarbons (LHCs) higher than a diesel fuel, which means thermal decomposition before combustion are encouraged by the W/O. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) method shows that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are produced by both W/O fuels and diesel fuel during the thermal decomposition period but some W/O fuels oxidize a huge amount of PAHs in the later diffusion combustion. CO, CO2 measurements after the combustion of the thermal decomposed substances in the diffusion burner via high temperature reactor reveal that diffusion combustion of W/O fuels contribute to Soluble Organic Fraction (SOF) and Solid reduction which leads to reduction of CO and increase of CO2 respectively.
TL;DR: In this paper, solid-stabilized emulsions were developed that were stable for up to one year in both closed test tubes and open air, using a complex of silica-hexylamine stabilizing complex.
TL;DR: A facile approach to prepare stable alginate-based O/W emulsions at high oil loading using a mixture of nonionic surfactants as a template to form gelled-emulsions that could be easily molded and gelled into solids of different shapes via ionic gelation is shown.
Abstract: Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion-gel systems containing high oil payloads are of increasing interest for food applications because of the reduction in encapsulation cost, consumption frequency or volume of food products. This study shows a facile approach to prepare stable alginate-based O/W emulsions at high oil loading using a mixture of nonionic surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 20) as a template to form gelled-emulsions. The synergistic effects of alginate and surfactants on the O/W emulsion properties were evaluated in terms of oil droplet size and emulsion stability. At 2% (w/v) of alginate and 1% (w/v) of surfactants, the size distribution of oil droplets was narrow and monomodal, even at an oil loading of 70% (v/v). The emulsions formed were stable against phase separation. The oil droplet size could be further reduced to below 1 μm using a high-shear homogenizer. The emulsions formed could be easily molded and gelled into solids of different shapes via ionic gelation. The findings of this study create possible avenues for applications in food industries.
TL;DR: In this article, a novel bio-fuel, glucose solution emulsified diesel, was evaluated for performance and emissions, and the results showed that brake thermal efficiencies improved under partial loads at the speed of 2000rpm, that NOx and smoke emissions with emulsification fuel decreased except at individual operating conditions, and that HC and CO emissions were different for the two fuels under different conditions.
Patent•
17 Sep 2015
TL;DR: Methods and compositions comprising an emulsion or a micro-emulsion and a polymer for use in an oil and/or gas well are provided in this paper, where the polymer comprises a copolymer comprising an acrylamide.
Abstract: Methods and compositions comprising an emulsion or a microemulsion and a polymer for use in an oil and/or gas well are provided. In some embodiments, the emulsion or the microemulsion comprises water, a solvent, and a surfactant, and optionally, one or more additives. In certain embodiments, the polymer comprises a copolymer comprising an acrylamide.
TL;DR: In this article, a stable emulsion system containing rarely used walnut oil as a fat base of emulsion was created. But the system was only used in food market (food emulsions) as well as in the cosmetics industry (creams).
Abstract: The novelty of this manuscript was to create a stable emulsion system containing rarely used walnut oil as a fat base of emulsion. Emulsions were analyzed by determining viscosity, density, distribution, average droplet size, coefficient of dispersion, and emulsion type. The emulsion's stability and its microscope image were also tested. Particle size of the dispersed phase of all analyzed emulsions was in the range 1–10 µm for the duration of a 4-week-long storage test. The smallest changes were observed in the emulsion with pH 6 (smallest average droplet size—its distribution was monofunctional during the whole duration of the experiment). This system was considered as the most stable emulsion. Such emulsion systems can be easily used in the food market (food emulsions) as well as in the cosmetics industry (creams).
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of injection timing on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a water/diesel emulsion fuel and compared it with diesel fuel on a vertical single cylinder four stroke diesel engine.
Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of injection timing on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a water/diesel emulsion fuel and compared it with diesel fuel on a vertical single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. Pressure should be maintained constant at 200bar for the whole experimental investigation. The injection timing considered here is 19 0 , 23 0 , 27 0 btdc. For this experimental work 89.5% diesel, 10% water and 0.5% surfactant are mixed together to form emulsified fuel. Under various injection timing tested, 23 0 btdc emulsified fuel gives optimized performance and which was very close to diesel fuel thus without any modifications of the engine. Water/diesel emulsified fuel can be efficiently used in a diesel engine as an alternative fuel. Thus diesel has saved 10% when water was added with it in meeting the demand and scarcity of the fossil fuels.
TL;DR: In this article, the rheological properties of water-in-crude oil (W/O) emulsions have been investigated and the experimental results have demonstrated that W/O emulsion with volume fraction of water greater than or equal to 0.1 displays a Newtonian fluid property for shear rates below 500 s -1.
Abstract: An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids, whereby droplets of one phase (dispersed phase) are encapsulated in another phase (continuous phase). Emulsions formation in pipelines is one of the most critical problems faced by the oil and gas industries. To solve this unfavourable emulsification problem, the rheological properties of emulsions have to be determined first because they have different effects on the transportation of fluid. In this paper, the rheological properties of water-in-crude oil (W/O) emulsions will be presented for discussion or reference. Bintulu light crude oil was used as the continuous phase and water was used as the dispersed phase to form the W/O emulsions. The experimental results have demonstrated that W/O emulsions with volume fraction of water greater than or equal to 0.1 displays a Newtonian fluid property for shear rates below 500 s -1 . For shear rates above 500 s -1 , they display a nonNewtonian fluid property. Different volumes of water phase result in different viscosities as well. The viscosity of W/O emulsion increases with the volume of water from 10 % up to 35 %. Then, it decreases with further increase in the volumes of water up to 100 %. For 10 % to 35 % of water volumes, increasing in viscosity is due to the increase in the amount of dispersed phase droplets which leads to higher friction among droplets. Meanwhile, for 40 % to 100 % of water volumes, the droplets start to coalesce and form larger droplets causing a specific area to decrease. Hence, the friction among the droplets is reduced. This leads to a decrease in viscosity. In general, the W/O emulsions for the volume fractions of water which are less than 0.8 will behave as a Newtonian fluid in turbulent flow.
Patent•
23 Jun 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, a device for supplying emulsified fuel with which a combustion device can be stably driven, the device being of simple construction, was provided, and a method for supplying said fuel.
Abstract: Provided are a device for supplying emulsified fuel with which a combustion device can be stably driven, the device being of simple construction. Also provided is a method for supplying said fuel. A device (1) supplies emulsified fuel to a combustion device (70). The present invention is provided with a processed water generating device (10) for removing Ca and Mg ions from raw water and either allowing Na ions to remain or adding Na ions, tanks (20, 30), a means for merging fuel oil from the tank (30) with processed water from the tank (20), a means (50) for generating emulsified fuel from a mixture of the merged fuel oil and processed water, and a means for supplying the emulsified fuel to the combustion device (70).
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental flow loop equipped with an inflow microscope was used to quantify emulsion drop size distributions as a function of the water concentration, flow rate, temperature, and stabilizing agent type.
Abstract: Concentrated emulsions (dispersed phase fractions greater than 1 vol %) have applications in a wide variety of industries. In the energy industry, these emulsions are encountered in every stage of crude oil processing. Characterizing such concentrated emulsions in the presence of surfactants and/or solid particles and in flowing conditions will help develop strategies for managing these complex systems. In this work, an experimental flow loop equipped with an inflow microscope was used to quantify emulsion drop size distributions as a function of the water concentration, flow rate, temperature, and stabilizing agent type. The solid-stabilized emulsions indicated that only the water concentration had an overall impact on the drop size distributions. This work showed that the drop size distribution is a function of the temperature, water concentration, and flow rate for surfactant-stabilized emulsions. The direct, unique experimental insight gained about concentrated emulsions in this work provides a fundam...
TL;DR: In this paper, two emulsions were prepared of water, silicone oil (SO) and vegetable oil (VO) with 1:3 ratio of SO and VO, and different amount of water.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the mixing ratio of emulsified fuel on the droplet evaporation and spray behavior characteristics were analyzed, where a surfactant comprising span 80 and tween 80 mixed at a 9:1 ratio was used for the emulsion fuel.
Abstract: EF22 화수소의 증발촉진으로 인하여 보다 신속하였다. Abstract: In this study, the effects of the mixing ratio of emulsified fuel on the droplet evaporation and spray behavior characteristics were analyzed. A surfactant comprising span 80 and tween 80 mixed at a 9:1 ratio was used for the emulsified fuel. The fuel and surfactant were mixed at a ratio of 3:1 for the emulsified fuel. In addition, considering the mixing ratio of the surfactant, the mixing ratio of H2O2 in the emulsified fuel was set as EF (emulsified fuel)0, EF2, EF12, EF22, EF32, and EF42. To observe the evaporation characteristics, droplets of the emulsified fuel were dropped on a heating plate and observed using scattered light and a Schlieren system. In addition, to analyze the effect of the H2O2 mixing ratio, the behavior characteristics of the evaporative free spray were investigated in the mixing ratio range of EF0 to EF22 using a constant volume chamber with heaters. Consequentially, it was found that in the case of EF22, the free spray development of the emulsified fuel was faster than that of EF0 (diesel only) because of the promotion of the evaporation due to the phase change in the peroxide contained in the emulsion fuel.
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, secondary atomization of emulsified fuel spray was visualized, and the effect of ambient temperature on secondary atomisation in spray flow was investigated, and it clearly showed that secondary ozone formation was caused by vapor production inside the spray droplet due to the rapid evaporation of dispersed water.
Abstract: In this study, secondary atomization of emulsified fuel spray was visualized, and the effect of ambient temperature on secondary atomization in spray flow was investigated. The W/O emulsified fuel was prepared by adding 10 wt% water and 0.75 wt% emulsifying agent (sorbitan monooleate) to n-dodecane. A shadow imaging system consisting of high-speed video camera (125,000 fps) and metal halide lamp was used to visualize secondary atomization of spray droplets. As a result, it clearly showed that secondary atomization of spray droplet was caused by vapor production inside the spray droplet due to the rapid evaporation of dispersed water. When the furnace wall temperature (Tw) was 823 K, there is no significant difference between the size distribution of emulsified fuel spray and that of n-dodecane spray because the droplet temperature was too low to produce vapor inside the spray droplet, leading to decreasing secondary atomization effect. Meanwhile, at Tw = 923 K and 973 K, the size distribution of emulsified fuel spray droplets was shifted to smaller than that of n-dodecane spray droplets. This is because the droplet temperature was enough to produce vapor inside the droplet and secondary atomization was enhanced. It was indicated that ambient temperature was important in the occurrence of secondary atomization.
Patent•
19 Oct 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, an emulsification device is configured to selectively receive a liquid mixture of water and hydrocarbon fuel and produce batches of emulsified fuel and a control module is used to monitor one or more operating parameters.
Abstract: A system includes an emulsification device, a processed fuel tank, an emulsification recirculation line, and a control module. The emulsification device is configured to selectively receive a liquid mixture of water and hydrocarbon fuel and produce batches of emulsified fuel. The processed fuel tank is configured to selectively receive and store the emulsified fuel. The control module is configured to monitor one or more operating parameters and execute one or more operating modes. The operating modes include a bypass mode configured to provide the engine with the hydrocarbon fuel, an emulsification recirculation mode configured to continually recirculate emulsified fuel through the emulsification device and the processed fuel tank via the emulsification recirculation line, a run mode configured to operate the engine with emulsified fuel, and a suck back mode configured to return semi-stable emulsified fuel back to the processed fuel tank.