Institution
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Government•Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia•
About: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation is a government organization based out in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Soil water. The organization has 33765 authors who have published 79910 publications receiving 3356114 citations.
Topics: Population, Soil water, Climate change, Gene, Context (language use)
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: An integron is a genetic unit that includes the determinants of the components of a site‐specific recombination system capable of capturing and mobilizing genes that are contained in mobile elements called gene cassettes that act both as natural cloning systems and as expression vectors.
Abstract: Summary An integron is a genetic unit that includes the determinants of the components of a site-specific recombination system capable of capturing and mobilizing genes that are contained in mobile elements called gene cassettes. An integron also provides a promoter for expression of the cassette genes, and integrons thus act both as natural cloning systems and as expression vectors. The essential components of an integron are an int gene encoding a site-specific recombinase belonging to the integrase family, an adjacent site, attl, that is recognized by the integrase and is the receptor site for the cassettes, and a promoter suitably oriented for expression of the cassette-encoded genes. The cassettes are mobile elements that include a gene (most commonly an antibiotic-resistance gene) and an integrase-spe cific recombination site that is a member of a family of sites known as 59-base elements. Cassettes can exist either free in a circularized form or integrated at the attl site, and only when integrated is a cassette formally part of an integron. A single site-specific recombination event involving the integron-associated attl site and a cassette-assoc iated 59-base element leads to insertion of a free circular cassette into a recipient integron. Multipie cassette insertions can occur, and integrons containing several cassettes have been found in the wild. The integrase also catalyses excisive recombination events that can lead to loss of cassettes from an integron and generate free circular cassettes. Due to their ability to acquire new genes, integrons have a clear role in the evolution of the genomes of the piasmids and transposons that contain them. However, a more general role in evoiution is also likely. Events involving recombination
780 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a generalized plasticity model with higher-order spatial gradients of the equivalent plastic strain in the yield condition was proposed and it was shown how these gradients affect the critical condition for the onset of localization and allow for a wavelength selection analysis leading to estimates for the width and or spacing of shear bands.
779 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the trigger-transfer-reserve-pulse framework was used to evaluate how strongly four eco-hydrological interactions apply across other patchy semi-arid vegetations, and how these interactions are affected by disturbances.
Abstract: Ecological and hydrological processes can interact strongly in landscapes, yet these processes are often studied separately. One particularly important interaction between these processes in patchy semiarid lands is how vegetation patches serve to obstruct runoff and then how this retained water increases patch growth that, in turn, provides feedbacks to the system. Such ecohydrological interactions have been mostly demonstrated for semiarid landscapes with distinctly banded vegetation patterns. In this paper, we use data from our studies and from the literature to evaluate how strongly four ecohydrological interactions apply across other patchy semiarid vegetations, and how these interactions are affected by disturbances. We specifically address four questions concerning ecohydrological interactions: (1) if vegetation patches obstruct runoff flows during rainfall events, how much more soil water is stored in these patches compared to open interpatch areas; (2) if inputs of water are higher in patches, how much stronger is the pulse of plant growth compared to interpatches; (3) if more soil water in patches promotes greater biological activity by organisms such as earthworms that create macropores, how much does this improve soil infiltrability; and (4) if vegetation patches are damaged on a hillslope, how much does this increase runoff and erosion and decrease biomass production? We used the trigger-transfer-reserve-pulse framework developed for Australian semiarid woodlands to put these four questions into a landscape context. For a variety of patchy semiarid vegetation types in Australia, Europe, and North America, we found that patches significantly stored more soil water, produced more growth and had better infiltrability than interpatches, and that runoff and erosion can markedly increase on disturbed hillslopes. However, these differences varied greatly and appeared to depend on factors such as the intensity and amount of input events (rainstorms) and type of topography, soils, and vegetation. Exper- imental and modeling studies are needed to better quantify how these factors specifically affect ecohydrological interactions. Our current findings do support the conclusion that vegetation patches and runoff-erosion processes do strongly interact in many semiarid landscapes across the globe, not just banded landscapes.
774 citations
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Université Paris-Saclay1, Goddard Space Flight Center2, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation3, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration4, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology5, Linköping University6, Netherlands Institute for Space Research7, Food and Agriculture Organization8, Stanford University9, University of Sheffield10, University of California, Irvine11, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research12, Max Planck Society13, École Polytechnique14, Yale University15, University of Victoria16, Jet Propulsion Laboratory17, Met Office18, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis19, National Institute for Environmental Studies20, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research21, National Center for Atmospheric Research22, City University of New York23, Princeton University24, University of Bristol25, Lund University26, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology27, Université du Québec à Montréal28, University of Oslo29, Centre national de la recherche scientifique30, Massachusetts Institute of Technology31, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory32, University of Hohenheim33, Japan Meteorological Agency34, Auburn University35, Imperial College London36, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute37, VU University Amsterdam38, University of California, San Diego39, Environment Canada40, University of Toronto41, Northwest A&F University42
TL;DR: The Global Carbon Project (GCP) as discussed by the authors is a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists, including atmospheric physicists and chemists, biogeochemists of surface and marine emissions, and socio-economists who study anthropogenic emissions.
Abstract: . The global methane (CH4) budget is becoming an increasingly important component for managing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. This relevance, due to a shorter atmospheric lifetime and a stronger warming potential than carbon dioxide, is challenged by the still unexplained changes of atmospheric CH4 over the past decade. Emissions and concentrations of CH4 are continuing to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-induced greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Two major difficulties in reducing uncertainties come from the large variety of diffusive CH4 sources that overlap geographically, and from the destruction of CH4 by the very short-lived hydroxyl radical (OH). To address these difficulties, we have established a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate research on the methane cycle, and producing regular (∼ biennial) updates of the global methane budget. This consortium includes atmospheric physicists and chemists, biogeochemists of surface and marine emissions, and socio-economists who study anthropogenic emissions. Following Kirschke et al. (2013), we propose here the first version of a living review paper that integrates results of top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models, inventories and data-driven approaches (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, and inventories for anthropogenic emissions, data-driven extrapolations). For the 2003–2012 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by top-down inversions at 558 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 540–568. About 60 % of global emissions are anthropogenic (range 50–65 %). Since 2010, the bottom-up global emission inventories have been closer to methane emissions in the most carbon-intensive Representative Concentrations Pathway (RCP8.5) and higher than all other RCP scenarios. Bottom-up approaches suggest larger global emissions (736 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 596–884) mostly because of larger natural emissions from individual sources such as inland waters, natural wetlands and geological sources. Considering the atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget, it is likely that some of the individual emissions reported by the bottom-up approaches are overestimated, leading to too large global emissions. Latitudinal data from top-down emissions indicate a predominance of tropical emissions (∼ 64 % of the global budget, The most important source of uncertainty on the methane budget is attributable to emissions from wetland and other inland waters. We show that the wetland extent could contribute 30–40 % on the estimated range for wetland emissions. Other priorities for improving the methane budget include the following: (i) the development of process-based models for inland-water emissions, (ii) the intensification of methane observations at local scale (flux measurements) to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scale (surface networks and satellites) to constrain top-down inversions, (iii) improvements in the estimation of atmospheric loss by OH, and (iv) improvements of the transport models integrated in top-down inversions. The data presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( http://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/GLOBAL_METHANE_BUDGET_2016_V1.1 ) and the Global Carbon Project.
771 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a hybrid scheme is used to predict the band gaps of a variety of materials, including silicon, and the electronic structure of silicon is examined in some detail and comparisons with alternative theories are made.
771 citations
Authors
Showing all 33864 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
David R. Williams | 178 | 2034 | 138789 |
Mark E. Cooper | 158 | 1463 | 124887 |
Kevin J. Gaston | 150 | 750 | 85635 |
Liming Dai | 141 | 781 | 82937 |
John D. Potter | 137 | 795 | 75310 |
Lei Zhang | 135 | 2240 | 99365 |
Harold A. Mooney | 135 | 450 | 100404 |
Frederick M. Ausubel | 133 | 389 | 60365 |
Rajkumar Buyya | 133 | 1066 | 95164 |
Robert B. Jackson | 132 | 458 | 91332 |
Peter Hall | 132 | 1640 | 85019 |
Frank Caruso | 131 | 641 | 61748 |
Paul J. Crutzen | 130 | 461 | 80651 |
Andrew Y. Ng | 130 | 345 | 164995 |
Lei Zhang | 130 | 2312 | 86950 |