Institution
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Government•Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia•
About: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation is a government organization based out in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Soil water. The organization has 33765 authors who have published 79910 publications receiving 3356114 citations.
Topics: Population, Soil water, Climate change, Gene, Context (language use)
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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University of Western Sydney1, University of Ulm2, University of Tasmania3, Blaise Pascal University4, Institut national de la recherche agronomique5, University of Bordeaux6, Brown University7, National University of Patagonia San Juan Bosco8, James Cook University9, Macquarie University10, University of Alberta11, California State University, Bakersfield12, Leiden University13, University of Guelph14, University of Innsbruck15, University of Edinburgh16, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation17, University of Trieste18, University of California, Santa Cruz19, University of Utah20, George Washington University21, Missouri Botanical Garden22
TL;DR: In this article, the authors draw together published and unpublished data on the vulnerability of the transport system to drought-induced embolism for a large number of woody species, with a view to examining the likely consequences of climate change for forest biomes.
Abstract: Shifts in rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures associated with climate change are likely to cause widespread forest decline in regions where droughts are predicted to increase in duration and severity(1). One primary cause of productivity loss and plant mortality during drought is hydraulic failure(2-4). Drought stress creates trapped gas emboli in the water transport system, which reduces the ability of plants to supply water to leaves for photosynthetic gas exchange and can ultimately result in desiccation and mortality. At present we lack a clear picture of how thresholds to hydraulic failure vary across a broad range of species and environments, despite many individual experiments. Here we draw together published and unpublished data on the vulnerability of the transport system to drought-induced embolism for a large number of woody species, with a view to examining the likely consequences of climate change for forest biomes. We show that 70% of 226 forest species from 81 sites worldwide operate with narrow (<1 megapascal) hydraulic safety margins against injurious levels of drought stress and therefore potentially face long-term reductions in productivity and survival if temperature and aridity increase as predicted for many regions across the globe(5,6). Safety margins are largely independent of mean annual precipitation, showing that there is global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought, with all forest biomes equally vulnerable to hydraulic failure regardless of their current rainfall environment. These findings provide insight into why drought-induced forest decline is occurring not only in arid regions but also in wet forests not normally considered at drought risk(7,8).
1,864 citations
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TL;DR: Physiological mechanisms and selectable indicators of gene action that underlie traits for salt tolerance are described, with the aim of promoting new screening methods to identify genetic variation for increasing the salt tolerance of cereal crops.
Abstract: This review describes physiological mechanisms and selectable indicators of gene action, with the aim of promoting new screening methods to identify genetic variation for increasing the salt tolerance of cereal crops. Physiological mechanisms that underlie traits for salt tolerance could be used to identify new genetic sources of salt tolerance. Important mechanisms of tolerance involve Na+ exclusion from the transpiration stream, sequestration of Na+ and Cl- in the vacuoles of root and leaf cells, and other processes that promote fast growth despite the osmotic stress of the salt outside the roots. Screening methods for these traits are discussed in relation to their use in breeding, particularly with respect to wheat. Precise phenotyping is the key to finding and introducing new genes for salt tolerance into crop plants.
1,841 citations
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Rutgers University1, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research2, Massachusetts Institute of Technology3, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation4, Odense University5, Arizona State University6, University of California, Los Angeles7, University of New Hampshire8, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences9, University of Hawaii10, University of British Columbia11, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research12, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences13
TL;DR: It is concluded that although natural processes can potentially slow the rate of increase in atmospheric CO2, there is no natural "savior" waiting to assimilate all the anthropogenically produced CO2 in the coming century.
Abstract: :Motivated by the rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 due to human activities since the Industrial Revolution, several international scientific research programs have analyzed the role of individual components of the Earth system in the global carbon cycle. Our knowledge of the carbon cycle within the oceans, terrestrial ecosystems, and the atmosphere is sufficiently extensive to permit us to conclude that although natural processes can potentially slow the rate of increase in atmospheric CO 2, there is no natural “savior” waiting to assimilate all the anthropogenically produced CO 2 in the coming century. Our knowledge is insufficient to describe the interactions between the components of the Earth system and the relationship between the carbon cycle and other biogeochemical and climatological processes. Overcoming this limitation requires a systems approach.
1,839 citations
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TL;DR: It is argued that achieving increased adaptation action will necessitate integration of climate change-related issues with other risk factors, such as climate variability and market risk, and with other policy domains,such as sustainable development.
Abstract: The strong trends in climate change already evident, the likelihood of further changes occurring, and the increasing scale of potential climate impacts give urgency to addressing agricultural adaptation more coherently. There are many potential adaptation options available for marginal change of existing agricultural systems, often variations of existing climate risk management. We show that implementation of these options is likely to have substantial benefits under moderate climate change for some cropping systems. However, there are limits to their effectiveness under more severe climate changes. Hence, more systemic changes in resource allocation need to be considered, such as targeted diversification of production systems and livelihoods. We argue that achieving increased adaptation action will necessitate integration of climate change-related issues with other risk factors, such as climate variability and market risk, and with other policy domains, such as sustainable development. Dealing with the many barriers to effective adaptation will require a comprehensive and dynamic policy approach covering a range of scales and issues, for example, from the understanding by farmers of change in risk profiles to the establishment of efficient markets that facilitate response strategies. Science, too, has to adapt. Multidisciplinary problems require multidisciplinary solutions, i.e., a focus on integrated rather than disciplinary science and a strengthening of the interface with decision makers. A crucial component of this approach is the implementation of adaptation assessment frameworks that are relevant, robust, and easily operated by all stakeholders, practitioners, policymakers, and scientists.
1,824 citations
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Wageningen University and Research Centre1, VU University Amsterdam2, Portland State University3, World Agroforestry Centre4, Aberystwyth University5, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation6, Saint Petersburg State University7, Scottish Agricultural College8, United Nations Environment Programme9, Conservation International10, Institute for European Environmental Policy11
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented an overview of the value of ecosystem services of 10 main biomes expressed in monetary units and showed that most of this value is outside the market and best considered as nontradable public benefits.
Abstract: This paper gives an overview of the value of ecosystem services of 10 main biomes expressed in monetary units. In total, over 320 publications were screened covering over 300 case study locations. Approximately 1350 value estimates were coded and stored in a searchable Ecosystem Service Value Database (ESVD). A selection of 665 value estimates was used for the analysis. Acknowledging the uncertainties and contextual nature of any valuation, the analysis shows that the total value of ecosystem services is considerable and ranges between 490 int$/year for the total bundle of ecosystem services that can potentially be provided by an ‘average’ hectare of open oceans to almost 350,000 int$/year for the potential services of an ‘average’ hectare of coral reefs. More importantly, our results show that most of this value is outside the market and best considered as non-tradable public benefits. The continued over-exploitation of ecosystems thus comes at the expense of the livelihood of the poor and future generations. Given that many of the positive externalities of ecosystems are lost or strongly reduced after land use conversion better accounting for the public goods and services provided by ecosystems is crucial to improve decision making and institutions for biodiversity conservation and sustainable ecosystem management.
1,815 citations
Authors
Showing all 33864 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
David R. Williams | 178 | 2034 | 138789 |
Mark E. Cooper | 158 | 1463 | 124887 |
Kevin J. Gaston | 150 | 750 | 85635 |
Liming Dai | 141 | 781 | 82937 |
John D. Potter | 137 | 795 | 75310 |
Lei Zhang | 135 | 2240 | 99365 |
Harold A. Mooney | 135 | 450 | 100404 |
Frederick M. Ausubel | 133 | 389 | 60365 |
Rajkumar Buyya | 133 | 1066 | 95164 |
Robert B. Jackson | 132 | 458 | 91332 |
Peter Hall | 132 | 1640 | 85019 |
Frank Caruso | 131 | 641 | 61748 |
Paul J. Crutzen | 130 | 461 | 80651 |
Andrew Y. Ng | 130 | 345 | 164995 |
Lei Zhang | 130 | 2312 | 86950 |