Government of India

About: Government of India is a government organization based out in New Delhi, India. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Government. The organization has 2945 authors who have published 2999 publications receiving 44942 citations. The organization is also known as: Union Government & Central Government.

Adverse drug reactions reporting culture in Pharmacovigilance Programme of India.

Abstract: Sir, Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have been reported to be among leading causes of morbidity and mortality1,2,3,4. The spontaneous reporting of ADRs is considered as the foundation of post marketing surveillance of drug safety5,6,7. The main function of spontaneous reporting is the early detection of signals of new, rare and serious ADRs8. It is also one of the cheapest methods of monitoring the safety of medicines as utilized by many drug regulatory agencies worldwide9,10. Therefore, pharmacovigilance programme plays a vital role in ensuring the drugs’ safety. In many countries (including India) a pharmacovigilance system is operational; however, under-reporting is a major problem11,12,13,14. An increase has been observed in the current reporting culture of ADRs under Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) after conducting regular training and awareness programme and circulating the ‘PvPI Drug Safety Newsletter’. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) reports ADRs to nearest ADR Monitoring Centres (AMCs) under PvPI and the same is collected and collated by the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC), National Coordination Centre (NCC)15. The objective of this study was to ascertain the contribution of different stakeholders in reporting of ADRs, reporting status of government medical institutions (GMI), non government medical institutions (NGMI) and corporate hospitals (CH) under the fold of PvPI. All Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) received by the NCC between July 1, 2011 and December 31, 2012, were taken into account for analysis. The data were entered manually into VigiFlow along with the mandatory field of ‘Information on Primary Source’ where a reporter has to specify his/her name, contact details and qualification. Analysis of a total number of 23,975 ICSRs revealed that the majority of ADRs were reported by physicians (n=15440, 64.4%). Relatively lower reporting was done by the pharmacists (n=3620, 15.1%). Other HCPs (nurses, physiotherapists etc.) contributed to (n=4891, 20.4%) reports; while reporting by non HCPs was found to be (n=24, 0.016%) only. The highest reporting rate was observed in GMI (74.4%) as compared to NGMI (24.5%) and CHs (1.0%). This study also revealed the rate of reporting of ADRs month-wise and it was found that the reporting rates were consistently increased after disseminating the information through PvPI Newsletter, awareness programme, sending circulars to the ADRs monitoring centre, etc. The ADRs reporting percentage of physicians in the Programme (n=15440, 64.4%) was higher as compared to pharmacists (n=3620, 15.1%) and other HCPs (n=4891, 20.4%). The reporting rate of pharmacists was low as compared to physicians because in India, the system of distribution does not leave much scope for the pharmacists to be a significant source of ADRs reporting. Similarly, even though nurses are in closer contact with the patients for a longer duration, in the event of ADRs observed by the nursing staff, it would be reported to the treating physician, who in turn if deemed appropriate, communicates the information to the relevant higher authorities. In some of the European countries only those authorized to prescribe medication are allowed to report ADRs16. Therefore, co-ordination among clinician, pharmacist and nurse appears to be of vital importance to contribute each of their respective expertise and experience to promote the rational and safe use of medicines. Lack of knowledge of where, what and how ADRs should be reported also affects reporting. The reason for poor reporting may also include financial incentives, legal aspects, apprehension that the serious ADRs are already documented when a drug is introduced in the market, and that a single report would make no difference, ignorance (that only serious ADRs are to be reported) and lack of time or over load17. NCC has taken steps to tackle this by addressing this issue in various forum and conferences, circulating questionnaire form, writing to professional bodies, scientific journals, etc. In the next step, NCC may recommend Medical, Pharmacy and Nursing Councils of India to include pharmacovigilance in their respective education curriculum. These measures could improve the quantity and quality of the reports. Pharmacovigilance Programme of India can only be vibrant if utilized effectively with active participation of HCPs. This preliminary study may be useful in devising strategies to create awareness in ADRs reporting among health care professionals under PvPI. Further, awareness programmes to sensitize healthcare professionals are necessary to improve pharmacovigilance.

Potential Antioxidant Anthraquinones Isolated from Rheum emodi Showing Nematicidal Activity against Meloidogyne incognita

Abstract: Antioxidant and nematicidal properties were evaluated for R. emodi extractives which are extracted by standardizing and adopting accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method along with traditional Soxhlet extraction. The extracted material was separated using flash chromatography and the separation conditions and solvents were standardized for the extracted plant constituents. The purity was detected by using analytical reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). LC-MS/MS detection in the direct infusion mode of the isolated, purified products afforded four anthraquinones, characterized by their infrared spectra (IR) and 1H spectra as chrysophanol, physcion, emodin, and aloe-emodin. Five antraquinone glucoside derivatives and piceatannol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside have also been detected from the extracted product. During in vitro evaluation the antioxidant potential of methanolic crude extract (CE1) was the highest, followed by ethyl acetate crude extract (CE2) and chloroform extract (CE3) in DPPH radical scavenging activity. The CE1 also demonstrated outstanding nematicidal activity as compared with other extracts, pure anthraquinones, and even positive control azadirachtin. The study conclusively demonstrated the antioxidant potential of R. emodi extracts and also its ability in extenuating the Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode). The bioassay results can be extrapolated to actual field condition and clinical studies.

Reintroduction of greater Indian rhinoceros into Dudhwa National Park

Abstract: The range of the endangered greater Indian rhinoceros is now restricted to a few isolated pockets. One of the conservation measures recommended for the species is the establishment of additional viable populations in suitable areas. The authors describe an attempt to do this in Dudhwa National Park in Uttar Pradesh, India.

Inorganic Nanoparticles for Transdermal Drug Delivery and Topical Application

Abstract: Inorganic nanoparticles are currently under extensive exploration for their potential use in topical and transdermal drug delivery. Compared with organic nanoparticles, they offer higher chemical and mechanical stability and easier surface functionalization, and they possess a tunable particle size and varied morphology. This chapter summarizes the design criteria of inorganic nanoparticles for transdermal and/or topical applications, and some of the intriguing examples have been discussed in detail along with existing challenges and future perspectives.