Government of India

About: Government of India is a government organization based out in New Delhi, India. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Government. The organization has 2945 authors who have published 2999 publications receiving 44942 citations. The organization is also known as: Union Government & Central Government.

Fluoride Geochemistry and Exposure Risk Through Groundwater Sources in Northeastern Parts of Rajasthan, India

Abstract: Exposure to fluoride concentrations above a threshold of 1.5 mg/L can cause joint pains, restricted mobility, skeletal and dental fluorosis. This study aims to determine the hydrochemical evolution of the fluoride-rich groundwater and estimate the risk of fluoride exposure to the residents of semi-arid northeastern part of Rajasthan, India. The methodology involves measurement of fluoride and other ionic concentrations in groundwater using ion chromatography, followed by an estimation of the cumulative density function and fluorosis risk. The fluoride concentration in water samples varied from 0.04 to 8.2 mg/L with 85% samples falling above the permissible limit. The empirical cumulative density function was used to estimate the percentage and degree of health risks associated with the consumption of F− contaminated water. It is found that 55% of the samples indicate risk of dental fluorosis, 42% indicate risk of deformities to knee and hip bones, and 18% indicate risk of crippling fluorosis. In addition, instances of high nitrate concentrations above the permissible limit of 45 mg/L are also found in 13% of samples. The fluoride rich groundwater is mainly associated with the Na–HCO3–Cl type water facies while low fluoride groundwater shows varied chemical facies. The saturation index values indicate a high probability of a further increase in F− concentration in groundwater of this region. The calculated fluoride exposure risk for the general public in the study area is 3–6 times higher than the allowed limit of 0.05 mg/kg/day. Based on the results of this study, a fluorosis index map was prepared for the study area. The northern and northeastern parts are less prone to fluorosis, whereas the south-central and southwestern parts are highly vulnerable to fluorosis. The inferences from this study help to prioritize the regions that need immediate attention for remediation.

Sustainable energy future via grid interactive operation of spv system at isolated remote island

Abstract: This paper has analyzed the case of Moushuni Island at Sundarban of 24 Parganas South of West Bengal, India. The proposition is to find out the possibility of grid-connectivity of Isolated Remote Island which is under rural electrification scheme by hybrid renewable energies under Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission of India. In these rural electrification program, grid extension can be the best option if the grid is reliable, the rural community rather big and in proximity to the grid. In many circumstances, a strong case for mini-grids based on hybrid systems can be made. Scattered communities and isolated houses are well served by solar and small hydro (where available) or small wind energy systems. By feeding renewable electricity to the utility grid through the grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system, during time of peak demand, sufficient electrical loads can be shed to prevent turning on a coal or natural gas-fired plant and therefore save CO 2 emissions and potentially energy import costs, replacing fossil fuels. The Social, Economic, and Environmental Benefits can be achieved through this proposition. Also, the Grid Interactive Operation of SPV System at Moushuni Island is tested. Malda district of West Bengal, India is a vision towards smart-grid city towards sustainable future, where rural consumers can upgrade their quality of life through solar energy resource.

Indigenous Medicine Use for Sex Selection During Pregnancy and Risk of Congenital Malformations: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Haryana, India

Abstract: Congenital malformations (CMFs) are a major public health problem in India. Consanguineous marriages, infections during pregnancy, folic acid deficiency during the periconceptional period, exposure to pesticides and a history of intake of drugs during pregnancy have been hypothesized as risk factors. Drugs include oral contraceptive pills, progesterone analogues, medications for ailments and indigenous drugs to bear male offspring. It is important to analyze the risk factors in order to implement preventive measures. The prime objective of this study was to study the risk factors of visible structural CMFs, with a focus on indigenous medicines for sex selection. A population-based, case-control study was undertaken in Haryana state. Cases included children (0–18 months) with any apparent structural deformity as reported by various Government sources. A consecutive birth from the same area as the case was labelled and included as the control. The sample size calculated was 175 in each group. Mothers of every case and control were interviewed at their respective homes using a structured tool. Descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis, followed by logistic regression was conducted to establish the association between risk factors and CMFs. The sociodemographic profiles of the cases and controls were similar. Among the various risk factors studied, more than two living children (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.6, 95 % CI 1.04–2.4) and intake of sex-selection drugs (unadjusted OR 2.8, 95 % CI 1.6–5.1) were significant risk factors on bivariate and regression analyses. The risk of having a child with CMFs was threefold more among mothers with a history of intake of indigenous medicines for sex selection (adjusted OR 3; 95 % CI 1.7–5.6). The intake of indigenous drugs during pregnancy increased the risk of CMFs almost threefold. This has social as well as economic implications, and hence needs further investigation.

Bioanalytical method development and validation for establishing bioavailability and bioequivalence

Abstract: The chapter discusses the principles of analytical method validation for identifying the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability (BA), and bioequivalence (BE) of both small and large molecules. The progress made in this field in the last two decades, including the most important agreements and problems concerning drug molecules, is also elaborated. The chapter discusses the validation of bioanalytical methods for the employment of BA and BE studies at both preclinical and clinical levels.