Showing papers by "Macquarie University published in 1996"
TL;DR: There can be no doubt that genetic variation is related to population size, as Sould proposed, and vertebrates should have less genetic variation than invertebrates or plants.
Abstract: Genetic diversity is one of three levels of biological diversity requiring conservation. Genetic theory predicts that levels of genetic variation should increase with effective population size. Sould (19 76) compiled the first convincing evidence that levels of genetic variation in wildlife were related to population size, but this issue remains controversial. The hypothesis that genetic variation is related to population size leads to the following predictions: (1) genetic variation within species should be related to population size; (2) genetic variation within species should be related to island size; (3) genetic variation should be related to population size within taxonomic groups; (4) widespread species should have more genetic variation than restricted spe- cies; (5) genetic variation in animals should be negatively correlated with body size; (6) genetic variation should be negatively correlated with rate of chromosome evolution; (7) genetic variation across species should be related to population size; (8) vertebrates should have less genetic variation than invertebrates or plants; (9) island populations should have less genetic variation than mainland populations; and (10) en- dangered species should have less genetic variation than nonendangered species. Empirical observations sup- port all these hypotheses. There can be no doubt that genetic variation is related to population size, as Sould proposed. Small population size reduces the evolutionary potential of wildlife species.
1,397 citations
TL;DR: The Progress with Proteome Projects: Why all Proteins Expressed by a Genome Should be Identified and How To Do It as discussed by the authors is an example of such a project.
Abstract: (1996). Progress with Proteome Projects: Why all Proteins Expressed by a Genome Should be Identified and How To Do It. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 19-50.
1,158 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that a proportion of the inferred change in the nonmitochondrial sequences occurred before transposition, and that Sitobion aphids (and other species exhibiting mtDNA transposition) may be important for studying the molecular evolution of mtDNA and pseudogenes.
Abstract: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products corresponding to 803 bp of the cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA COI-II) were deduced to consist of multiple haplotypes in three Sitobion species. We investigated the molecular basis of these observations. PCR products were cloned, and six clones from one individual per species were sequenced. In each individual, one sequence was found commonly, but also two or three divergent sequences were seen. The divergent sequences were shown to be nonmitochondrial by sequencing from purified mtDNA and Southern blotting experiments. All seven nonmitochondrial clones sequenced to completion were unique. Nonmitochondrial sequences have a high proportion of unique sites, and very few characters are shared between nonmitochondrial clones to the exclusion of mtDNA. From these data, we infer that fragments of mtDNA have been transposed separately (probably into aphid chromosomes), at a frequency only known to be equalled in humans. The transposition phenomenon appears to occur infrequently or not at all in closely related genera and other aphids investigated. Patterns of nucleotide substitution in mtDNA inferred over a parsimony tree are very different from those in transposed sequences. Compared with mtDNA, nonmitochondrial sequences have less codon position bias, more even exchanges between A, G, C and T, and a higher proportion of nonsynonymous replacements. Although these data are consistent with the transposed sequences being under less constraint than mtDNA, changes in the nonmitochondrial sequences are not random: there remains significant position bias, and probable excesses of synonymous replacements and of conservative inferred amino acid replacements. We conclude that a proportion of the inferred change in the nonmitochondrial sequences occurred before transposition. We believe that Sitobion aphids (and other species exhibiting mtDNA transposition) may be important for studying the molecular evolution of mtDNA and pseudogenes. However, our data highlight the need to establish the true evolutionary relationships between sequences in comparative investigations.
1,076 citations
TL;DR: Single protein spots, from polyvinylidene difluoride blots of micropreparative E. coli 2-D gels, were rapidly and economically identified by matching their amino acid composition, estimated pI and molecular weight against all E. bacteria entries in the SWISS-PROT database.
Abstract: Separation and identification of proteins by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis can be used for protein-based gene expression analysis In this report single protein spots, from polyvinylidene difluoride blots of micropreparative E coli 2-D gels, were rapidly and economically identified by matching their amino acid composition, estimated pI and molecular weight against all E coli entries in the SWISS-PROT database Thirty proteins from an E coli 2-D map were analyzed and identities assigned Three of the proteins were unknown By protein sequencing analysis, 20 of the 27 proteins were correctly identified Importantly, correct identifications showed unambiguous “correct” score patterns While incorrect protein identifications also showed distinctive score patterns, indicating that protein must be identified by other means These techniques allow large-scale screening of the protein complement of simple organisms, or tissues in normal and disease states The computer program described here is accessible via the World Wide Web at URL address (http://expasyhcugech/)
897 citations
TL;DR: This study provides the first evidence of family enhancement of avoidant and aggressive responses in children and supports a model of anxiety that emphasizes the development of an anxious cognitive style in the context of anxiety-supporting family processes.
Abstract: Previous research has shown that anxious adults provide more threat interpretations of ambiguous stimuli than other clinic and nonclinic persons. We were interested in investigating if the same bias occurs in anxious children and how family processes impact on these children's interpretations of ambiguity. Anxious, oppositional, and nonclinical children and their parents were asked separately to interpret and provide plans of action to ambiguous scenarios. Afterwards, Each family was asked to discuss two of these situations as a family and for the child to provide a final response. The results showed that anxious and oppositional children were both more likely to interpret ambiguous scenarios in a threatening manner. However, the two clinic groups differed in that the anxious children predominantly chose avoidant solutions whereas the oppositional children chose aggressive solutions. After family discussions, both the anxious children's avoidant plans of action and the oppositional children's aggressive plans increased. Thus, this study provides the first evidence of family enhancement of avoidant and aggressive responses in children. These results support a model of anxiety that emphasizes the development of an anxious cognitive style in the context of anxiety-supporting family processes.
770 citations
TL;DR: It remains unclear whether competition among seedlings is a decisive influence on species composition in most of the world's vegetation types, as there is startlingly wide variation in seed mass among species growing interspersed with each other.
Abstract: Seed mass is correlated with a number of other plant traits, including dispersal mode, growth form and specific leaf area. Specific leaf area is the main determinant of potential relative growth rate and an indicator of the site quality to which a species is adapted. The relationships with dispersal mode and growth form have consistent form in five datasets from three continents, and each account for about 20-30% of variation in log seed mass. Thus, there is also very substantial variation within growth form and dispersal categories. Much, but not all, of the 20-30% is associated with shifted family composition between growth forms or dispersal modes. Experiments have shown that seedlings of larger-seeded species are better able to survive hazards including deep shade, drought, physical damage and the presence of competing vegetation. If there is a common mechanism under these different hazards, it seemingly must be a `reserve effect', whereby during deployment and early growth larger-seeded species hold a bigger percentage of seed reserves uncommitted to seedling structure and available to support respiration or repair damage. A reserve effect has not yet been demonstrated directly. It remains possible that different mechanisms operate under different hazards. Under a reserve effect, advantages of larger seed size should be temporary, and temporary advantage has indeed been observed with regard to seedling survival under dense shade. Although larger seed mass confers benefits on seedlings, larger seeds must necessarily be produced in smaller numbers per unit of resource allocated. Seed mass is presumed to have evolved as a compromise between these counterposed pressures. Yet there has proved to be surprisingly little difference in average seed mass between very different vegetation regions, at least in temperate climates. Rather, there is startlingly wide variation in seed mass among species growing interspersed with each other. Recent applications of game theory may be capable of accounting for this wide variation between coexisting species, but at present these models are driven by competition among seedling species (as opposed to between seedlings and adults). It remains unclear whether competition among seedlings is a decisive influence on species composition in most of the world's vegetation types.
670 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that morphospecies may be used as surrogates for species in some environmental monitoring and conservation, in particular when decisions are guided by estimates of richness and the assessment of turnover.
Abstract: Environmental monitoring and conservation evaluation in terrestrial habitats may be enhanced by the use of invertebrate inventories, but taxonomic and logistic constraints frequently encountered during conventional taxonomic treatment have greatly restricted their use. To overcome this problem we suggest that nonspecialists may be used to classify invertebrates to morphospecies without compromising scientific accuracy. To test this proposition, large pitfall and litter samples of ants, beetles, and spiders from four forest types were sorted to morphospecies by a nonspecialist and to species by specialists. These data were used to generate morphospecies and species inventories and to estimate richness (α diversity) and turnover (β diversity), information frequently used in the above activities. Our results show that the estimates of richness of ants and spiders varied little between morphospecies and species inventories. Differences between estimates of beetle richness were largely influenced by errors of identification in two families, Curculionidae and Staphylinidae. But morphospecies and species inventories yielded identical ranking of forest type using richness. Turnover was assessed by sample ordination, which revealed similar clusters regardless of the type of inventory. Analysis of similarities of assemblages of ants and beetles showed significant differences between all forest types. Spider assemblages showed a lower level of discrimination. The assessment of turnover was consistent among inventories but different between the major taxa. Our findings suggest that morphospecies may be used as surrogates for species in some environmental monitoring and conservation, in particular when decisions are guided by estimates of richness and the assessment of turnover.
El monitoreo ambiental y la evaluacion para la conservacion en los habitats terrestres puede ser mejorado con el uso de inventarios de invertebrados. Sin embargo, las restricciones taxonomicas y logisticas que surgen frecuentemente durante los tratamientos taxonomicos convencionales, han restringido en gran medida su uso. Para poder superar este problema, nosotros sugerimos que podria utilizarse personal no especializado para clasificar invertebrados en morfoespecies sin comprometer la exactitud cientifica. Para probar esta propuesta, muestras de hormigas, escarabajos y aranas provenientes de cuatro tipos de bosques fueron ordenadas en morfoespecies por un noespecialista y en especies por un especialista. Estos datos fueron utilizados para generar inventarios de morfoespecies y especies y para estimar riqueza (diversidad alfa) y tasas de renovacion (diversidad beta), informacion que es utilizada frecuentemente en las actividades mencionadas anteriormente. Nuestros resultados muestran que las estimaciones de la riqueza de hormigas y aranas vario muy poco entre los inventarios de morfoespecies y de especies. Las diferencias entre las estimaciones de la riqueza de escarabajos fue en gran medida influenciada por errores en la identificacion de dos familias, Curculionidae y Staphylinidae. Sin embargo, los inventarios de morfoespecies y especies produjeron un ordenamiento identico de los tipos de bosques utilizando la riqueza como parametro. La tasa de intercambio (“turnover”) fue evaluada por medio de metodos de ordenacion de las muestras que revelaron grupos muy similares independientemente del tipo de inventario. Los analisis de similitud de los agrupamientos de hormigas y escarabajos mostraron diferencias significativas entre todos los tipos de bosques. Los agrupamientos de aranas mostraron un bajo nivel de discriminacion. La evaluacion de la tasa de recambio fue consistente entre los inventarios pero diferente entre los taxones mas importantes. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las morfoespecies podrian ser utilizadas como substitutos de las especies en ciertos casos de monitoreos ambientales y de conservacion, en particular, cuando las decisiones estan guiadas por las estimaciones de riqueza y la evaluacion de la tasa de intercambio.
650 citations
01 Apr 1996
TL;DR: Traced monoidal categories are introduced, a structure theorem is proved for them, and an example is provided where the structure theorem has application as discussed by the authors. But this is not the case for all categories.
Abstract: Traced monoidal categories are introduced, a structure theorem is proved for them, and an example is provided where the structure theorem has application.
488 citations
TL;DR: Peridinin-chlorophyll-protein, a water-soluble light-harvesting complex that has a blue-green absorbing carotenoid as its main pigment, is present in most photosynthetic dinoflagellates and its high-resolution x-ray structure reveals a noncrystallographic trimer in which each polypeptide contains an unusual jellyroll fold of the α-helical amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains.
Abstract: Peridinin-chlorophyll-protein, a water-soluble light-harvesting complex that has a blue-green absorbing carotenoid as its main pigment, is present in most photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Its high-resolution (2.0 angstrom) x-ray structure reveals a noncrystallographic trimer in which each polypeptide contains an unusual jellyroll fold of the α-helical amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains. These domains constitute a scaffold with pseudo-twofold symmetry surrounding a hydrophobic cavity filled by two lipid, eight peridinin, and two chlorophyll a molecules. The structural basis for efficient excitonic energy transfer from peridinin to chlorophyll is found in the clustering of peridinins around the chlorophylls at van der Waals distances.
454 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a UV laser ablation microprobe coupled with an ICPMS has been used to determine trace element concentrations in solids with a spatial resolution of 50 microns.
Abstract: A UV laser ablation microprobe coupled to an ICPMS has been used to determine trace element concentrations in solids with a spatial resolution of 50 microns and detection limits ranging from 2 μg/g for Ni to 50 ng/g for the REE, The, and U. Experiments designed to optimize laser operating conditions show that pulse rates of 4 Hz produce a steady state signal with less inter-element fractionation per unit time than higher pulse rates (10–20 Hz). Comparisons of laser microprobe analyses of garnets and pyroxenes using the NIST 610 and 612 glasses as calibration standards, with proton microprobe, solution ICPMS, INAA and XRF data show no significant matrix effects. Laser microprobe analyses of the NIST 610 and 612 glasses have a precision and accuracy of 2–5%, and error analysis shows that counting statistics and the precision on the internal standard concentration accounts for the analytical uncertainty. The NIST glasses appear to be useful calibration materials for trace element analysis of geological materials by laser microprobe.
419 citations
TL;DR: The coal gap in the Permian-Triassic boundary was first identified by as discussed by the authors. But the coal gap was not identified until the Late Triassic (230 Ma) and the early Triassic period (approximately 250 Ma).
Abstract: Early Triassic coals are unknown, and Middle Triassic coals are rare and thin. The Early Triassic coal gap began with extinction of peat-forming plants at the end of the Permian (ca. 250 Ma), with no coal known anywhere until Middle Triassic (243 Ma). Permian levels of plant diversity and peat thickness were not recovered until Late Triassic (230 Ma). Tectonic and climatic explanations for the coal gap fail because deposits of fluctuating sea levels and sedimentary facies and paleosols commonly found in coal-bearing sequences are present also in Early Triassic rocks. Nor do we favor explanations involving evolutionary advances in the effectiveness of fungal decomposers, insects or tetrapod herbivores, which became cosmopolitan and much reduced in diversity across the Permian-Triassic boundary. Instead, we favor explanations involving extinction of peat-forming plants at the Permian-Triassic boundary, followed by a hiatus of some 10 m.y. until newly evolved peat-forming plants developed tolerance to the acidic dysaerobic conditions of wetlands. This view is compatible not only with the paleobotanical record of extinction of swamp plants, but also with indications of a terminal Permian productivity crash from {delta}{sup 13}C{sub org} and total organic carbon of both nonmarine and shallow marine shales. 205 refs., 3 figs.,more » 3 tabs.« less
TL;DR: This paper developed a questionnaire to measure the perceived control over different spheres of an individual's life and found that the scale showed good inter-item and test-retest reliability as well as good discriminant and convergent validity.
TL;DR: Differences in parent behaviors observed during the family discussions were reliably associated with the child's response to the ambiguous situation proposed after the family discussion, supporting a model of developmental anxiety and aggression that emphasizes the interaction of family processes and social-cognitive development in the child.
Abstract: Barrett, Rapee, Dadds, and Ryan (1996) described a phenomenon whereby family discussions magnified the style of children's problem solving in a way characteristic of their particular clinical diagnosis. That is, anxious children became more avoidant, aggressive children more aggressive, and nonclinic children more prosocial, after discussing ambiguous hypothetical situations with their parents. This study examined specific sequences of communications exchanged between parents and children hypothesized to underlie this family exacerbation of child cognitive style. Family discussions were videotaped and categorized for groups of anxious, aggressive, and nonclinic children and their parents. Results revealed differences between groups of parents in frequency of agreeing with and listening to their child and the frequency of pointing out positive consequences. Conditional probability analyses showed that parents of anxious children were more likely to reciprocate avoidance, while parents of nonclinic children were more likely to agree with and listen to prosocial plans from their child. Differences in parent behaviors observed during the family discussions were reliably associated with the child's response to the ambiguous situation proposed after the family discussion. Results support a model of developmental anxiety and aggression that emphasizes the interaction of family processes and social-cognitive development in the child.
TL;DR: In this article, a qualitative model relating extent of oxidation, duration of the oxidation process, and proportion of the available water (derived from subducting slabs) that oxidizes Fe in subarc mantle peridotite, suggests that water can easily produce the observed extents of oxidation over timescales similar to the typical lifespans of subduction zones.
TL;DR: Patients who received counselling showed a significantly greater mean reduction in a quantity-frequency measure of weekly alcohol consumption than controls but there were no significant differences in reduced consumption between the two intervention groups.
Abstract: Although the prevalence of heavy alcohol consumption among patients of general hospitals is well documented, no study has yet reported an effect of counselling on the ward in reducing the level of consumption among such patients after discharge. This study was designed to evaluate brief counselling to reduce alcohol consumption among male heavy drinkers identified on general hospital wards. Male patients were screened on wards of four teaching hospitals in Sydney, Australia. Identified heavy drinkers (n = 174) showing predominantly low levels of alcohol dependence were allocated to one of two forms of brief counselling (skills-based counselling or brief motivational interviewing) or to a non-intervention control group. Blind follow-up for 123 patients (71%) was carried out approximately 6 months after discharge from hospital and self-reports of alcohol consumption were compared with collateral sources of information. Patients who received counselling showed a significantly greater mean reduction in a quantity-frequency measure of weekly alcohol consumption than controls but there were no significant differences in reduced consumption between the two intervention groups. However, patients who were deemed "not ready to change" showed greater reductions if they had received brief motivational interviewing than if they had received skills-based counselling. The implications of these findings for counselling male in-patients to reduce alcohol consumption are discussed.
TL;DR: The ecological and genetic consequences of exclusive pollination by sexually attracted male thynnine wasps in the orchid Caladenia tentaculata are examined, consistent with the predictions that deceptive pollination will result in long distance pollen flow, which may be of selective advantage at low density.
Abstract: Only orchids affect pollination by the deceptive sexual attraction of male insects, a syndrome particularly well developed in Australia. We examined the ecological and genetic consequences of exclusive pollination by sexually attracted male thynnine wasps in the orchid Caladenia tentaculata. Male wasps respond rapidly to flowers artificially presented in I X I m2 experimental patches. Sixty of 287 wasps approached within centimeters of the flower, but did not land. Of the remaining 79% who made floral, contact, only 7.5% attempted copulation, the step critical for pollination. Wasps only rarely moved among patches (19% of flights) and none attempted copulation a second time, resembling observations in natural populations. We confirmed outcrossing and long distance pollen flow by monitoring how colored pollen moved in natural populations. Pollen movements approximated a linear rather than a leptokurtic distribution (mean distance: 17 m; maximum: 58 m). Pollinator visits varied independently of flower density in three of four populations with most solitary flowers being visited. Allozyme analysis revealed within-population fixation indices (F) close to zero and low levels of differentiation (FST) among populations. Despite behavioral evidence for long distance pollen flow, significant local genetic structure exists, perhaps reflecting restricted seed dispersal. Long distance pollen flow in C. tentaculata may therefore promote outbreeding by minimizing pollen transfers among related neighbors. Although this species is self-compatible, outcrossed progeny develop significantly faster than selfed progeny. Effective pollination at low flower densities could accentuate this advantage. The data are consistent with the predictions that deceptive pollination will result in long distance pollen flow, which may be of selective advantage at low density. Comparative studies of how food reward, food deceptive, and sexual deceptive pollination systems vary within a phylogenetic framework could further illuminate the evolution of sexual deception.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the limitations of comfort models and standards with several examples and discuss how people's thermal sensation and preferences may be influenced by culture and climate and associated issues of thermal expectations and adaptation.
TL;DR: This paper focuses on three ways of positioning HIV positive women: through discrimination on the part of medical professionals; through internalisation of stigmatisation; and through multiple stigmatisation of women who are or have been illicit drug users or sex workers.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that if (X, ρ) is of polynomial type and satisfies second-order Gaussian bounds, then it is possible to have a bounded Hormander functional calculus or a bounded Davies-Helffer-Sjostrand functional calculus.
TL;DR: The results indicated that for both panels only 3 or 4 components of a complex mixture could be discriminated and identified and that this capacity could not be increased by training, and the limit may be imposed physiologically or by processing constraints.
Abstract: This study examined whether a previously established (D G Laing & G W Francis, 1989) limited capacity to discriminate and identify the components of olfactory mixtures resulted from the participants' lack of familiarity with the task, training designed to optimize cognitive and perceptual performance, or professional experience in odor discrimination The participants were a trained panel of 10 women (23-43 years old), and an expert panel of 8 male professional perfumers and flavorists (25-55 years old) The individual chemical stimuli were 7 common dissimilar odorants of equal moderate intensity An air dilution olfactometer delivered a single odorant or a mixture containing up to 5 odorants The results indicated that for both panels only 3 or 4 components of a complex mixture could be discriminated and identified and that this capacity could not be increased by training Therefore, the limit may be imposed physiologically or by processing constraints
TL;DR: In this article, the potential impacts of deforestation in the humid Tropics are examined using a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research's CCM1 coupled with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme package.
Abstract: The potential impacts of deforestation in the humid Tropics are examined using a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research's CCM1 coupled with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme package. Tropical deforestation in South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia is studied using the results from an 11-yr deforestation experiment and a 25-yr control integration. It is found that the local-scale impact (here defined as within the area deforested) varies greatly between the three deforested regions due to the differing controls on the local atmospheric circulation: the Southeast Asian monsoon is much less sensitive to deforestation than the low-level flow over South America. The analysis of the changes in cloud radiative forcing suggests that reduction in cloud amount can significantly mitigate the imposed increases in surface albedo. The importance of water recycling by the forest canopy is stressed in the simulation of local precipitation changes. Correlation analysis of the changes re...
TL;DR: There was no evidence for genetic recombination in 555 S. miscanthi so the occurrence of recent sexual reproduction must be near zero, and diversification is by mutation and chromosomal rearrangement alone.
Abstract: Single-locus microsatellite variation correlated perfectly with chromosome number in Sitobion miscanthi aphids. The microsatellites were highly heterozygous, with up to 10 alleles per locus in this species. Despite this considerable allelic variation, only seven different S. miscanthi genotypes were discovered in 555 individuals collected from a wide range of locations, hosts and sampling periods. Relatedness between genotypes suggests only two successful colonizations of Australia. There was no evidence for genetic recombination in 555 S. miscanthi so the occurrence of recent sexual reproduction must be near zero. Thus diversification is by mutation and chromosomal rearrangement alone. Since the aphids showed no sexual recombination, microsatellites can mutate without meiosis. Five of seven microsatellite differences were a single repeat unit, and one larger jump is likely. The minimum numbers of changes between karyotypes corresponded roughly one-to-one with microsatellite allele changes, which suggests very rapid chromosomal evolution. A chromosomal fission occurred in a cultured line, and a previously unknown chromosomal race was detected. All 121 diverse S. near fragariae were heterozygous but revealed only one genotype. This species too must have a low rate of sexual reproduction and few colonizations of Australia.
TL;DR: The class 1 integrons In0, In2, and In5, found in different locations in pVS1, Tn21, and pSCH884, have closely related structures and retain a complete copy of only one of four genes required for transposition of related transposons and are thus defective transposon derivatives.
Abstract: The class 1 integrons In0, In2, and In5, found in different locations in pVS1, Tn21, and pSCH884, have closely related structures. All three integrons contain an insertion sequence, IS1326, that is a new member of the IS21 family. IS1326 has caused deletions of adjacent 3'-conserved segment and transposition module sequences, and all three integrons retain a complete copy of only one of four genes required for transposition of related transposons and are thus defective transposon derivatives. In2 contains an additional insertion sequence, IS1353, located within IS1326. IS1353 is a member of the IS3 family and appears to have been acquired after the integron was inserted into an ancestral mercury resistance transposon to create the ancestor of Tn21 and several other transposons that are close relatives of Tn21.
TL;DR: The World Climate Research Programme Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parametrization Schemes (PILPS) is an on-going international intercomparisons of land surface schemes designed for use in climate modelling and weather prediction.
Abstract: The World Climate Research Programme Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parametrization Schemes (PILPS) is an on-going international intercomparison of land surface schemes designed for use in climate modelling and weather prediction. The five phases of PILPS are described in this work with an indication of the status of each. Phase 0 documented the status of land surface schemes. Phase 1 performed a series of off-line tests using synthetic atmospheric forcing. Phase 2 exploited observational data in off-line tests. Phase 3 was comprised of coupled tests within the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) project and finally Phase 4 will consider the performance of land-surface schemes when coupled to their host climate models in fully coupled evaluations. Results from Phase 1 indicate that there is a wide range among models. Phase 2 indicates that while some models are consistent with observations, there remains a large range among models and that many diverge greatly from observations. PILPS phases 2(a) and 2(b) results suggest that individual land-surface schemes capture specific aspects of the complex system with reasonable accuracy but no one scheme captures the whole system satisfactorily and consistently. In Phase 3 the intercomparison of PILPS schemes as a component of global atmospheric circulation models is being conducted jointly with the AMIP as diagnostic subproject number 12. Preliminary results suggest that results differ by about the same range as in the offline experiments in Phases 1 and 2. Phase 4 will couple selected land-surface schemes to the USA's National Center for Atmospheric Research climate system model and to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology limited area model.
TL;DR: In this article, a theory of expansion-reduction systems with equalities and a term calculus for proof nets for weakly distributive categories is presented. But the proof theory is restricted to the case of monoidal categories, and it does not cover the full theory of ∗-autonomous categories.
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences1, University of Edinburgh2, University of Cambridge3, University of Queensland4, University of Wisconsin-Madison5, University of Adelaide6, AgResearch7, Imperial College London8, University of Liège9, National Institutes of Health10, Texas A&M University11, University of Oxford12, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation13, University of Pittsburgh14, La Trobe University15, University of Melbourne16, Harvard University17, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital18, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center19, University of Otago20, University of Sydney21, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center22, University of California, Berkeley23, Macquarie University24, Medical Research Council25, University of Oregon26, Iowa State University27, University of Minnesota28, Université libre de Bruxelles29
TL;DR: In a recent paper as mentioned in this paper, the authors present an overview of the state-of-the-art work in animal genetics, focusing on the use of protein-protein interactions.
Abstract: L. Andersson, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden; A. Archibald, Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK; M. Ashburner, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; S. Audun, Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 8146 Dept, N-0033 Oslo, Norway; W. Barendse, CSIRO, Division of Tropical Animal Production, Molecular Animal Genetics Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia; J. Bitgood, Poultry Science Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 260 Animal Sciences Building, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1284, USA; C. Bottema, Department of Animal Science, Waite Agricultural Research Institute. University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, 5064, Australia; T. Broad, AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand; S. Brown, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG UK; D. Burt, Division of Molecular Biology, Roslin Institute, Midlothian, UK; C. Charlier, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Veterinary, B43, B de Colonster, 20, 4000 Liege, Belgium; N. Copeland, ABL-Basic Research Program, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research & Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; S. Davis, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA; M. Davisson, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609 USA; J. Edwards, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford, UK; A. Eggen, ABS Global, Inc, 6908 River Road, DeForest, Wisconsin 53532, USA; G. Elgar, Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK; J.T. Eppig, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA; I. Franklin, CSIRO, Division of Animal Production, Locked Bag 1, Delivery Centre, Blacktown, 2148, Australia; P. Grewe, CSIRO Fisheries, GPO Box 1538, Hobart 7001, Australia; T. Gill III, S-705 Scaife Hall, Department of Pathology/University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA; J.A.M. Graves, School of Genetics and Human Variation, LaTrobe University, Bundoora 3083, Australia; R. Hawken, Centre for Animal Biotechnology, The School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Melbourne 3052, Australia; J. Hetzel, CSIRO, Division of Tropical Animal Production, Molecular Animal Genetics Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia; A. Hilyard, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609-1500 USA; H. Jacob, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, Cardiovascular Research Center, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 92129 USA; L. Jaswinska, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Lutwyche Road, Herston, Queensland, Australia; N. Jenkins, ABL-Basic Research Program, NCI Frederick Cancer Research & Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702 USA; H. Kunz, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA; G. Levan, Department of Genetics, Medicinaregatan 9C $41390 Goteborg, Sweden; O. Lie, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, Division of Genetics, PO Box 8176, Dep, N-0033, Norway; L. Lyons, National Cancer Institute, LVC-FCRDC, Building 560, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201 USA; P. Maccarone, Department of Genetics & Human Variation, School of Biological Sciences, LaTrobe University, Bundoora 3083, Australia; C. Mellersh, Clinical Division M-318, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1124 Columbia Street, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA; G. Montgomery, AgResearch Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ontago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; S. Moore, CSIRO, Division of Tropical Animal Production, Molecular Animal Genetics Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia; C. Moran, Department of Animal Science, University of Sydney 2006, Australia; D. Morizot, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA; M. Neff, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; F. Nicholas, Department of Animal Science, University of Sydney 2006, Australia; S. O'Brien, Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA; Y. Parsons, School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University 2109, Australia; J. Peters, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Didcot, Oxon OX11 ORD, UK; J. Postlethwait, Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1254, USA; M. Raymond, Genetics Section, Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenests, National Cancer Institute-FCRDC, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA; M. Rothschild, Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, 225 Kildee Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA; L. Schook, Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, 295 Animal Science/Veterinary Medical Building 1988 Fitch Avenue, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; Y. Sugimoto, Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Odakura, Nishigo, Nishi-shirakawa, Fukushima 961, Japan; C. Szpirer, Department de Biologie Moleculaire, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Chevaux 67, B-1640 Rhode-St-Genese, Belgium; M. Tate, Sheep Genomics, AgResearch Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand; J. Taylor, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA; J. VandeBerg, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA; M. Wakefield, School of Genetics & Human Variation, LaTrobe University, Bundoora 3083, Australia; J. Wienberg, Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1 QP, UK; J. Womack, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
TL;DR: Three studies are reported in which socially anxious subjects evaluated their own social performance after viewing it via video, and a model is proposed in which self evaluation of one's social performance is based on a mental representation ofOne's external appearance which receives input from long term memory, internal cues, and external cues.
TL;DR: Carbonates of mantle origin have been found in xenoliths from Quaternary basaltic volcanoes in NW Spitsbergen as discussed by the authors, where carbonates make up fine-grained aggregates together with (Ca,Mg)-rich olivine and (Al,Cr,Ti)-rich clinopyroxene.
Abstract: Carbonates of mantle origin have been found in xenoliths from Quaternary basaltic volcanoes in NW Spitsbergen. The carbonates range from dolomite to Mg-bearing calcite and have high Mg-numbers [Mg/(Mg+Fe)=(0.92–0.99)]. In some samples they occur interstitially, e.g. at triple junctions of silicate minerals and appear to be in textural and chemical equilibrium with host lherzolite. Most commonly, however, the carbonates make up fine-grained aggregates together with (Ca,Mg)-rich olivine and (Al,Cr,Ti)-rich clinopyroxene that typically replace spinel, amphibole, and orthopyroxene as well as primary clinopyroxene and olivine. Some lherzolites contain amphibole and apatite that appear to have formed before precipitation of the carbonates. In situ analyses by proton microprobe show very high contents of Sr in the clinopyroxene, carbonates and apatite; the apatite is also very rich in LREE, U, Th, Cl, Br. Disseminated amphibole in carbonate-bearing rocks is very poor in Nb and Zr, in contrast to vein amphibole and mica from carbonate-free rocks that are rich in Nb and Zr. Overall, the Spitsbergen xenoliths provide evidence both for the occurrence of primary carbonate in apparent equilibrium with the spinel lherzolites (regardless of the nature of events that emplaced them) and for the formation of carbonate-bearing pockets consistent with metasomatism by carbonate melts. Calcite and amorphous carbonate-rich materials occur in com- posite carbonate-fluid inclusions, veins and partial melting zones that appear to be related to fluid action in the mantle, heating of the xenoliths during their entrainment in basaltic magma, and to decompression melting of the carbonates. Magnesite is a product of secondary, post-eruption alteration of the xenoliths.
TL;DR: The Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 74, No. 2, No 2, pp. 331-340 as mentioned in this paper has been used as a reference for this paper.
Abstract: (1996). Truthmakers, entailment and necessity. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 331-340.