Showing papers by "Manipal University published in 2018"

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis and Recent Advances

Abstract: Recent advancements in drug delivery technologies utilizing a variety of carriers have resulted in a path-breaking revolution in the approach towards diagnosis and therapy alike in the current times. Need for materials with high thermal, chemical and mechanical properties have led to the development of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). These ordered porous materials have garnered immense attention as drug carriers owing to their distinctive features over the others. They can be synthesized using a relatively simple process, thus making it cost effective. Moreover, by controlling the parameters during the synthesis; the morphology, pore size and volume and particle size can be transformed accordingly. Over the last few years, a rapid increase in research on MSNs as drug carriers for the treatment of various diseases has been observed indicating its potential benefits in drug delivery. Their widespread application for the loading of small molecules as well as macromolecules such as proteins, siRNA and so forth, has made it a versatile carrier. In the recent times, researchers have sorted to several modifications in the framework of MSNs to explore its potential in drug resistant chemotherapy, antimicrobial therapy. In this review, we have discussed the synthesis of these multitalented nanoparticles and the factors influencing the size and morphology of this wonder carrier. The second part of this review emphasizes on the applications and the advances made in the MSNs to broaden the spectrum of its use especially in the field of biomedicine. We have also touched upon the lacunae in the thorough understanding of its interaction with a biological system which poses a major hurdle in the passage of this carrier to the clinical level. In the final part of this review, we have discussed some of the major patents filed in the field of MSNs for therapeutic purpose.

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy

Abstract: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) remain among the most significant and intriguing unsolved problems in obstetrics In India, the prevalence of HDP was 78% with pre-eclampsia in 54% of the study population The anaesthetic problems in HDP may be due to the effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic, renal, haematologic, hepatic and uteroplacental systems The basic management objectives should be facilitating the birth of an infant who subsequently thrives and completes restoration of health to the mother, or the termination of pregnancy with the least possible trauma to mother and foetus in severe pre-eclampsia This comprises obstetric management, adequate foetal surveillance, antihypertensive management, anticonvulsant therapy, safe analgesia for labour and management of anaesthesia for delivery

Polymer matrix-natural fiber composites: An overview

Abstract: The study of polymer matrix composites had become an important topic for academic and industrial research. The current thrust for materials which are environmental friendly and biodegradable made r...

President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief

Abstract: Due to lack of facilities and expensive medicines most of the patients in developing courtiers do not get adequate treatment for HIV/AIDS. Hence it was an immediate requirement that the developed countries and the developing countries walk hand in hand on the path of defeating this epi-demic monster. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief is the largest global health initiative dedicated for the cure of a single disease by United States Government. The review article provides the information about the condition of the world before the implementation of PEPFAR program, his-tory and political framework of the organisation, the goals of PEPFAR, the funding sources and its partnership with different countries including India How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Jadeja S, Pai G, Bhat K, Sathyanarayana MB. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. SRP. 2018; 9(1): 6-9. doi:10.5530/srp.2018.1.2 Web Style Jadeja S, Pai G, Bhat K, Sathyanarayana MB. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=302644540 [Access: March 28, 2021]. doi:10.5530/srp.2018.1.2 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Jadeja S, Pai G, Bhat K, Sathyanarayana MB. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. SRP. 2018; 9(1): 6-9. doi:10.5530/srp.2018.1.2 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Jadeja S, Pai G, Bhat K, Sathyanarayana MB. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. SRP. (2018), [cited March 28, 2021]; 9(1): 6-9. doi:10.5530/srp.2018.1.2 Harvard Style Jadeja, S., Pai, . G., Bhat, . K. & Sathyanarayana, . M. B. (2018) President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. SRP, 9 (1), 6-9. doi:10.5530/srp.2018.1.2 Turabian Style Jadeja, Siddharth, Girish Pai, Krishnamurthy Bhat, and Muddukrishna Badamane Sathyanarayana. 2018. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 9 (1), 6-9. doi:10.5530/srp.2018.1.2 Chicago Style Jadeja, Siddharth, Girish Pai, Krishnamurthy Bhat, and Muddukrishna Badamane Sathyanarayana. "President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 9 (2018), 6-9. doi:10.5530/srp.2018.1.2 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Jadeja, Siddharth, Girish Pai, Krishnamurthy Bhat, and Muddukrishna Badamane Sathyanarayana. "President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 9.1 (2018), 6-9. Print. doi:10.5530/srp.2018.1.2 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Jadeja, S., Pai, . G., Bhat, . K. & Sathyanarayana, . M. B. (2018) President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 9 (1), 6-9. doi:10.5530/srp.2018.1.2

Clustered miRNAs and their role in biological functions and diseases

Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small non-coding RNAs known to regulate expression of protein-coding genes. A large proportion of miRNAs are highly conserved, localized as clusters in the genome, transcribed together from physically adjacent miRNAs and show similar expression profiles. Since a single miRNA can target multiple genes and miRNA clusters contain multiple miRNAs, it is important to understand their regulation, effects and various biological functions. Like protein-coding genes, miRNA clusters are also regulated by genetic and epigenetic events. These clusters can potentially regulate every aspect of cellular function including growth, proliferation, differentiation, development, metabolism, infection, immunity, cell death, organellar biogenesis, messenger signalling, DNA repair and self-renewal, among others. Dysregulation of miRNA clusters leading to altered biological functions is key to the pathogenesis of many diseases including carcinogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in miRNA cluster research and discuss their regulation and biological functions in pathological conditions.

Biometrics-Based Privacy-Preserving User Authentication Scheme for Cloud-Based Industrial Internet of Things Deployment

Abstract: Due to the widespread popularity of Internet-enabled devices, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) becomes popular in recent years. However, as the smart devices share the information with each other using an open channel, i.e., Internet, so security and privacy of the shared information remains a paramount concern. There exist some solutions in the literature for preserving security and privacy in IIoT environment. However, due to their heavy computation and communication overheads, these solutions may not be applicable to wide category of applications in IIoT environment. Hence, in this paper, we propose a new biometric-based privacy preserving user authentication (BP2UA) scheme for cloud-based IIoT deployment. BP2UA consists of strong authentication between users and smart devices using preestablished key agreement between smart devices and the gateway node. The formal security analysis of BP2UA using the well-known real-or-random model is provided to prove its session key security. Moreover, an informal security analysis of BP2UA is also given to show its robustness against various types of known attacks. The computation and communication costs of BP2UA in comparison to the other existing schemes of its category demonstrate its effectiveness in the IIoT environment. Finally, the practical demonstration of BP2UA is also done using the NS2 simulation.

Pro-Apoptotic and Anti-Cancer Properties of Diosgenin: A Comprehensive and Critical Review

Abstract: Novel and alternative options are being adopted to combat the initiation and progression of human cancers. One of the approaches is the use of molecules isolated from traditional medicinal herbs, edible dietary plants and seeds that play a pivotal role in the prevention/treatment of cancer, either alone or in combination with existing chemotherapeutic agents. Compounds that modulate these oncogenic processes are potential candidates for cancer therapy and may eventually make it to clinical applications. Diosgenin is a naturally occurring steroidal sapogenin and is one of the major bioactive compounds found in dietary fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds. In addition to being a lactation aid, diosgenin has been shown to be hypocholesterolemic, gastro- and hepato-protective, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer. Diosgenin has a unique structural similarity to estrogen. Several preclinical studies have reported on the pro-apoptotic and anti-cancer properties of diosgenin against a variety of cancers, both in in vitro and in vivo. Diosgenin has also been reported to reverse multi-drug resistance in cancer cells and sensitize cancer cells to standard chemotherapy. Remarkably, diosgenin has also been reported to be used by pharmaceutical companies to synthesize steroidal drugs. Several novel diosgenin analogs and nano-formulations have been synthesized with improved anti-cancer efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile. In this review we discuss in detail the multifaceted anti-cancer properties of diosgenin that have found application in pharmaceutical, functional food, and cosmetic industries; and the various intracellular molecular targets modulated by diosgenin that abrogate the oncogenic process.

Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Characterization, Biocompatibility Studies, and Anticancer Activity

Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (SNPs), owing to their wide range of biomedical applications, have recently attracted remarkable interest for use in cancer nanomedicine. The present research work investigated the anticancer activity of phytosynthesized SNPs against human cancer cell lines. Phytosynthesis of SNPs was achieved by using an aqueous extract of Salacia chinensis (SC) bark as a green source to reduce silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles. Characterization of synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated a UV–visible peak at 443 nm, ζ-potential (zetasizer) of −25.6 ± 0.34 and particle size (transmission electron microscopy analysis) in the range of 40–80 nm, which validates formation of stable silver nanoparticles. The absence of cytotoxicity against normal human fibroblasts and blood erythrocytes confirms the biocompatible nature of green synthesized SNPs. In vitro anticancer assay demonstrated IC50 values of 6.31, 4.002, 5.228, 8.452, 14.37, 7.46, and 6.55 μg/mL against liver (Hep G2), lungs (L-132), pancreas (...

Bcl-2 Antiapoptotic Family Proteins and Chemoresistance in Cancer.

Abstract: Cancer is a daunting global problem confronting the world's population. The most frequent therapeutic approaches include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and more recently immunotherapy. In the case of chemotherapy, patients ultimately develop resistance to both single and multiple chemotherapeutic agents, which can culminate in metastatic disease which is a major cause of patient death from solid tumors. Chemoresistance, a primary cause of treatment failure, is attributed to multiple factors including decreased drug accumulation, reduced drug-target interactions, increased populations of cancer stem cells, enhanced autophagy activity, and reduced apoptosis in cancer cells. Reprogramming tumor cells to undergo drug-induced apoptosis provides a promising and powerful strategy for treating resistant and recurrent neoplastic diseases. This can be achieved by downregulating dysregulated antiapoptotic factors or activation of proapoptotic factors in tumor cells. A major target of dysregulation in cancer cells that can occur during chemoresistance involves altered expression of Bcl-2 family members. Bcl-2 antiapoptotic molecules (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1) are frequently upregulated in acquired chemoresistant cancer cells, which block drug-induced apoptosis. We presently overview the potential role of Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins in the development of cancer chemoresistance and overview the clinical approaches that use Bcl-2 inhibitors to restore cell death in chemoresistant and recurrent tumors.

Identification of long-lived synaptic proteins by proteomic analysis of synaptosome protein turnover.

Abstract: Memory formation is believed to result from changes in synapse strength and structure. While memories may persist for the lifetime of an organism, the proteins and lipids that make up synapses undergo constant turnover with lifetimes from minutes to days. The molecular basis for memory maintenance may rely on a subset of long-lived proteins (LLPs). While it is known that LLPs exist, whether such proteins are present at synapses is unknown. We performed an unbiased screen using metabolic pulse-chase labeling in vivo in mice and in vitro in cultured neurons combined with quantitative proteomics. We identified synaptic LLPs with half-lives of several months or longer. Proteins in synaptic fractions generally exhibited longer lifetimes than proteins in cytosolic fractions. Protein turnover was sensitive to pharmacological manipulations of activity in neuronal cultures or in mice exposed to an enriched environment. We show that synapses contain LLPs that may underlie stabile long-lasting changes in synaptic structure and function.

Variations in the Quality of Tuberculosis Care in Urban India: A Cross-Sectional, Standardized Patient Study in Two Cities

Abstract: India has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB). Although most patients with TB in India seek care from the private sector, there is limited evidence on quality of TB care or its correlates. Following our validation study on the standardized patient (SP) method for TB, the authors utilized SPs to examine quality of adult TB care among health providers with different qualifications in two Indian cities. During 2014-2017, pilot programs engaged the private health sector to improve TB management in Mumbai and Patna. Using ANOVA, the authors assessed variation in correct management and quality outcomes across (a) cities, (b) qualifications, and (c) case scenarios. Quality of TB care is suboptimal and variable in urban India's private health sector. Addressing this is critical for India's plans to end TB by 2025. For the first time, the authors have rich measures on representative levels of care quality from two cities, which can inform private-sector TB interventions and quality-improvement efforts.

TRIM16 controls assembly and degradation of protein aggregates by modulating the p62‐NRF2 axis and autophagy

Abstract: Sequestration of protein aggregates in inclusion bodies and their subsequent degradation prevents proteostasis imbalance, cytotoxicity, and proteinopathies. The underlying molecular mechanisms controlling the turnover of protein aggregates are mostly uncharacterized. Herein, we show that a TRIM family protein, TRIM16, governs the process of stress‐induced biogenesis and degradation of protein aggregates. TRIM16 facilitates protein aggregate formation by positively regulating the p62‐NRF2 axis. We show that TRIM16 is an integral part of the p62‐KEAP1‐NRF2 complex and utilizes multiple mechanisms for stabilizing NRF2. Under oxidative and proteotoxic stress conditions, TRIM16 activates ubiquitin pathway genes and p62 via NRF2, leading to ubiquitination of misfolded proteins and formation of protein aggregates. We further show that TRIM16 acts as a scaffold protein and, by interacting with p62, ULK1, ATG16L1, and LC3B, facilitates autophagic degradation of protein aggregates. Thus, TRIM16 streamlines the process of stress‐induced aggregate clearance and protects cells against oxidative/proteotoxic stress‐induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo . Taken together, this work identifies a new mechanism of protein aggregate turnover, which could be relevant in protein aggregation‐associated diseases such as neurodegeneration.

A network map of IL-33 signaling pathway

Abstract: Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines that play a central role in the regulation of immune responses. Its release from epithelial and endothelial cells is mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell damage and by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The activity of IL-33 is mediated by binding to the IL-33 receptor complex (IL-33R) and activation of NF-κB signaling via the classical MyD88/IRAK/TRAF6 module. IL-33 also induces the phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2, JNK, p38 and PI3K/AKT signaling modules resulting in the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Aberrant signaling by IL-33 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis among others. Considering the biomedical importance of IL-33, we developed a pathway resource of signaling events mediated by IL-33/IL-33R in this study. Using data mined from the published literature, we describe an integrated pathway reaction map of IL-33/IL-33R consisting of 681 proteins and 765 reactions. These include information pertaining to 19 physical interaction events, 740 enzyme catalysis events, 6 protein translocation events, 4 activation/inhibition events, 9 transcriptional regulators and 2492 gene regulation events. The pathway map is publicly available through NetPath ( http://www.netpath.org /), a resource of human signaling pathways developed previously by our group. This resource will provide a platform to the scientific community in facilitating identification of novel therapeutic targets for diseases associated with dysregulated IL-33 signaling. Database URL: http://www.netpath.org/pathways?path_id=NetPath_120 .

The effect of chloroquine dose and primaquine on Plasmodium vivax recurrence: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network systematic review and individual patient pooled meta-analysis

Abstract: Summary Background Chloroquine remains the mainstay of treatment for Plasmodium vivax malaria despite increasing reports of treatment failure. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of chloroquine dose and the addition of primaquine on the risk of recurrent vivax malaria across different settings. Methods A systematic review done in MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews identified P vivax clinical trials published between Jan 1, 2000, and March 22, 2017. Principal investigators were invited to share individual patient data, which were pooled using standardised methods. Cox regression analyses with random effects for study site were used to investigate the roles of chloroquine dose and primaquine use on rate of recurrence between day 7 and day 42 (primary outcome). The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO, number CRD42016053310. Findings Of 134 identified chloroquine studies, 37 studies (from 17 countries) and 5240 patients were included. 2990 patients were treated with chloroquine alone, of whom 1041 (34·8%) received a dose below the target 25 mg/kg. The risk of recurrence was 32·4% (95% CI 29·8–35·1) by day 42. After controlling for confounders, a 5 mg/kg higher chloroquine dose reduced the rate of recurrence overall (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 0·82, 95% CI 0·69–0·97; p=0·021) and in children younger than 5 years (0·59, 0·41–0·86; p=0·0058). Adding primaquine reduced the risk of recurrence to 4·9% (95% CI 3·1–7·7) by day 42, which is lower than with chloroquine alone (AHR 0·10, 0·05–0·17; p Interpretation Chloroquine is commonly under-dosed in the treatment of vivax malaria. Increasing the recommended dose to 30 mg/kg in children younger than 5 years could reduce substantially the risk of early recurrence when primaquine is not given. Radical cure with primaquine was highly effective in preventing early recurrence and may also improve blood schizontocidal efficacy against chloroquine-resistant P vivax . Funding Wellcome Trust, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Canine Conundrum: domestic dogs as an invasive species and their impacts on wildlife in India

Abstract: Domestic dogs are increasingly being recognized as a conservation threat for native species. In many places, their impacts may be as severe as other invasive predators such as cats and rats. We conducted the first ever sub-continent scale assessment of the impacts of dogs on native species in India using an online key informant survey and reports from national print media. Dogs reportedly attacked 80 species, of which 31 were IUCN Red list threatened species, including four Critically Endangered species. Larger bodied mammals such as ungulates and carnivores, were most commonly reported to be attacked, although this may be an observation bias. Approximately 68% of the attacks were carried out by dogs unaccompanied by humans. Most of the attacks were carried out by packs of dogs with 45% of these attacks leading to the death of the prey. Nearly 48% of the incidents were reported in and around wildlife protected areas, suggesting that dogs are an important large-scale edge effect around protected areas in India. For Critically Endangered species that are already suffering from serious population declines due to other causes, the impact of dogs may seriously impede population recovery efforts. Mitigating the impacts of dogs on wildlife requires a multi-pronged approach of responsible dog ownership, restriction in free-ranging behaviour, and strong population control measures, especially around sensitive conservation areas.

Assembly of ZIF-67 Metal-Organic Framework over Tin Oxide Nanoparticles for Synergistic Chemiresistive CO2 Gas Sensing.

Abstract: Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are widely known for their record storage capacities of small gas molecules (H2 , CO2 , and CH4 ). Assembly of such porous materials onto well-known chemiresistive gas sensing elements such as SnO2 could be an attractive prospect to achieve novel sensing properties as this affects the surface chemistry of SnO2 . Cobalt-imidazole based ZIF-67 MOF was grown onto preformed SnO2 nanoparticles to realize core-shell like architecture and explored for greenhouse gas CO2 sensing. CO2 sensing over SnO2 is a challenge because its interaction with SnO2 surface is minimal. The ZIF-67 coating over SnO2 improved the response of SnO2 up to 12-fold (for 50 % CO2 ). The SnO2 @ZIF-67 also showed a response of 16.5±2.1 % for 5000 ppm CO2 (threshold limit value (TLV)) at 205 °C, one of the best values reported for a SnO2 -based sensor. The observed novel CO2 sensing characteristics are assigned to electronic structure changes at the interface of ZIF-67 and SnO2 .

Silver-doped titania modified carbon electrode for electrochemical studies of furantril

Abstract: An electrochemical method for the determination of an antrallinic acid derivative based on nanoparticles modified electrode was studied through cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Modification of electrode with silver-doped titania nanoparticles enhanced the peak current for the electro-oxidation of Furantril. The silver-doped titania nanoparticles were prepared by simple wet chemical methods and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Silver-doped TiO2 voltamogramms suggested that pH 5.0 was suitable for electrochemical investigation of furantril. Rate constant, diffusion coefficient, electrode process and number of electrons involved were calculated. Based on these investigations a feasible mechanism for electrode reaction was presented. Limit of detection and quantification were found to be 1.98 nM and 6.6 nM respectively.