National Dairy Research Institute

About: National Dairy Research Institute is a facility organization based out in Karnāl, Himachal Pradesh, India. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Sperm. The organization has 3228 authors who have published 3524 publications receiving 51151 citations. The organization is also known as: Imperial Institute of Animal Husbandry and Dairying & Imperial Dairy Institute.

Effectiveness of thymol in extending keeping quality of cottage cheese

Abstract: Direct acidified cottage cheese has a limited shelf life of 10–12 days under refrigeration due to high moisture content (~75 %) and a relatively high pH (~5.0). This affects its widespread marketing and distribution. Hence, a study was undertaken to improve the shelf life of direct acidified cottage cheese using thymol, a phytophenolic natural antimicrobial agent. The effect of three different levels, i.e. 30, 40 and 50 ppm of 30 % thymol solution in butteroil on the physico-chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties was studied at four-day interval during storage under refrigeration (4–5 °C). Promising results were obtained using 40 ppm thymol for inhibiting psychrotrophs, yeasts and molds as well as retarded the proteolysis in cottage cheese. Based on the effect on flavour of the fresh samples as well as the extent of changes in quality during storage, it was observed that addition of 40 ppm thymol enhanced the keeping quality of cottage cheese by 8 days compared to the control sample.

Release characteristics of polyphenols from microencapsulated Terminalia arjuna extract: Effects of simulated gastric fluid

Abstract: Terminalia arjuna (TA) encapsulated microcapsules were prepared using two different wall materials consisting of a combination of maltodextrin + gelatine (MDG) and maltodextrin + gum acacia (MDGA). Total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoids content of TA ethanolic extract were found to be 19.6 ± 0.7 g/100 g extract, 7.5 ± 0.7 g/100 g extract, and 2.7 ± 0.2 g/100 g extract, respectively. In vitro release of polyphenols increased with the time of stirring in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF; pH 6.8). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and release of polyphenols (after 60 min) were observed to be 42 ± 4.g/100 g; 77.0 g/100 g; and 31.0 ± 0.5 g/100 g; 72.0 g/100 g, respectively for MDGA and MDG microcapsules. This study concluded that MDGA provided higher EE and stability than MDG for TA extract.

Therapeutic management of canine atopic dermatitis by combination of pentoxifylline and PUFAs.

Abstract: Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic, pruritic, andrelapsing inflammatory skin disease that occurs in 10–15% ofthe canine population. CAD thereby constitutes a serious medicalproblem in veterinary medicine and is reported to be one of themost common causes of canine pruritus (Saridomichelakis et al.,1999). The development and severity of the disease are related toa complex interaction between genetic, immunological, envi-ronmental, pharmacological, and physiological factors, as wellas to the functional state of skin barriers. Increased phosphodi-esterase (PDE) activity has been reported in dogs (Chan et al.,1985) and humans with AD (Hanifin et al., 1996), which seemsto be responsible for the deficiency of cAMP response in atopicpeople (Butler et al., 1983) and dogs (Butler et al., 1983; Emalaet al., 1995). Dogs with CAD may have a disorder of fatty acidmetabolism. A reduction in n6 fatty acid products of the D6- andD5- desaturases in erythrocytes of dogs with CAD in comparisonwith healthy housemates had been demonstrated by Fuhrmannet al. (2006).Symptomatic treatment modalities for CAD include gluco-corticoids, antihistamines, cyclosporine or a combination isusually tried, and fatty acid supplementation (Griffin, 1993;Scott et al., 2001). Recently, several clinical studies haveproven the use of cyclosporine (Olivry et al., 2002; Steffanet al., 2004; Thelen et al., 2006; Kovalik et al., 2007; Lucaset al., 2007), azathioprine (Favrot et al., 2007), fexofanadine(Plevnik et al., 2006) and tacrolimus (Bensignor & Olivry,2005; Marsella, 2005) with varying efficacy for treatment ofCAD but none has displayed substantial activity. The adverseevents of cyclosporine therapy in dogs are mainly intermittentvomiting, diarrhea (Thelen et al., 2006), and hypertension(Lucas et al., 2007).The only specific treatment for CAD isavoidance of major allergens and allergen-specific immuno-therapy. Lack of serum IgE autoantibodies specific for AD indogs with moderate and severe disease has been demonstratedby Olivry et al. (2008). Physicians should constantly attempt todecrease unnecessary glucocorticoid exposure via introductionof glucocorticoid-sparing therapies and tapering of glucocortic-oids to a minimal effective dose (McDonough et al., 2008).Spontaneous remission of clinical sign is rare, and avoidance ofmajor allergens is often impossible (Scott et al., 2001). Aller-gen-specific immunotherapy must usually be pursued formonths before an improvement in clinical signs is observed,and it is not effective in all patients (Mueller, 1993; Scott et al.,1993). Many of these dogs experience side-effects related totreatment, or do not achieve sufficient control of the disease.For these reasons, symptomatic therapies are often exploredand calls for a look into new treatment strategies.Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a member of the class of drugs thatinhibit nonselectively phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes, referredto as PDE inhibitors (Marks et al., 2001; Scott et al., 2001). Italso decreases fibronectin, reduces the production of cytokines(tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin -6, andinterleukin-8), decreases leukocyte response to interleukins,impairs T-lymphocyte binding to keratinocytes, decreases fibro-blastic activity and with long-term use, may decrease fibrosis(Samlaska & Winfield, 1994; Bruyazeel et al., 1995). PTX hasbeen reported to have a steroid-sparing effect in dogs andhumans (Marsella, 2000; Marks et al., 2001). It is also a usefuladjunctive therapeutic agent in dogs receiving allergen-specificimmunotherapy (Scott & Miller, 2007). PTX is rapidly absorbedand metabolized in dogs after oral administration, and welltolerated (Marsella, 2000). Fatty acids are increasingly used incanine atopy and other canine and feline dermatoses, and theirbeneficial effects are documented in several prospective, con-trolled studies (Bond & Lloyd, 1992a,b; Scarff & Lloyd, 1992;Logas & Kunkle, 1994; Mueller et al., 2004). In some atopicdogs, fatty acids alone can alleviate the clinical signs, while inothers, the use of fatty acids can reduce the amount ofglucocorticoids required to control pruritus (Bond & Lloyd,1994) or act synergistically with antihistamines (Paradis et al.,1991; Paterson, 1995). The therapeutic effects of fatty acidsoccur either through reaction of true fatty acids themselves orthrough their activated derivatives called eicosanoid (Barrett &Bigby, 1995).