School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences

About: School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences is a facility organization based out in Villejuif, France. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Politics & Context (language use). The organization has 1230 authors who have published 2084 publications receiving 57740 citations. The organization is also known as: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales & EHESS.

Comparing Inequality Aversion across Countries When Labor Supply Responses Differ

Abstract: We analyze to which extent social inequality aversion differs across nations when control ling for actual country differences in labor supply responses. Towards this aim, we estimate labor supply elasticities at both extensive and intensive margins for 17 EU countries and the US. Using the same data, inequality aversion is measured as the degree of redistribution implicit in current tax-benefit systems, when these systems are deemed optimal. We find relatively small differences in labor supply elasticities across countries. However, this changes the cross-country ranking in inequality aversion compared to scenarios following the standard approach of using uniform elasticities. Differences in redistributive views are significant between three groups of nations. Labor supply responses are systematically larger at the extensive margin and often larger for the lowest earnings groups, exacerbating the implicit Rawlsian views for countries with traditional social assistance programs. Given the possibility that labor supply responsiveness was underestimated at the time these programs were implemented, we show that such wrong perceptions would lead to less pronounced and much more similar levels of inequality aversion.

Unité et pluralisme dans le syndicalisme agricole français. Un faux débat

Abstract: Unity -Pluralism in French Agricultural Trade Unionism: A False Debate. ; ; The research efforts of two disciplines — history and sociology — have revealed agricultural syndical unity as a historically constructed myth shaped by social factors. At the same time, belief in such unity is undercut by empirical evidence of pluralist forces. From the beginning, agricultural syndicalism has been characterized by a right-left political cleavage and by social antagonisms. Yet the internal dynamics of the union movement and, even more, state legitimation have required the affirmation of unity. This article thus reveals the mechanisms by which a facade of unity is constructed from divergent interests.

Building Up and Making Use of Corporate Knowledge Repositories

Abstract: In this paper, we present a methodology (and some concrete experiments) for the construction and use of corporate knowledge repositories They can be defined as on-line, computer-based storehouses of expertise, knowledge, experience and documentation about particular aspects of a corporation We consider here only the ‘textual component’ of corporate knowledge — ie, all sorts of economically valuable, natural language documents like news stories, telex reports, internal documentation (memos, policy statements, reports and minutes), normative texts, intelligence messages, etc In this case, the construction of effectively usable corporate knowledge repositories can be achieved with the translation of the original documents into some type of conceptual format The ‘metadocuments’ obtained in this way can then be stored into a knowledge repository and, given their role of advanced document models, all the traditional functions of information retrieval, eg, searching, retrieving and producing an answer (and other functions like intelligent navigation inside the repository) can be performed directly on them

Speech Technology for Unwritten Languages

Abstract: Speech technology plays an important role in our everyday life. Among others, speech is used for human-computer interaction, for instance for information retrieval and on-line shopping. In the case of an unwritten language, however, speech technology is unfortunately difficult to create, because it cannot be created by the standard combination of pre-trained speech-to-text and text-to-speech subsystems. The research presented in this article takes the first steps towards speech technology for unwritten languages. Specifically, the aim of this work was 1) to learn speech-to-meaning representations without using text as an intermediate representation, and 2) to test the sufficiency of the learned representations to regenerate speech or translated text, or to retrieve images that depict the meaning of an utterance in an unwritten language. The results suggest that building systems that go directly from speech-to-meaning and from meaning-to-speech, bypassing the need for text, is possible.