University of Arizona

About: University of Arizona is a education organization based out in Tucson, Arizona, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Galaxy. The organization has 63805 authors who have published 155998 publications receiving 6854915 citations. The organization is also known as: UA & U of A.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

Abstract: In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

Set Relations in Social Research: Evaluating Their Consistency and Coverage

Abstract: Because of its inherently asymmetric nature, set-theoretic analysis offers many interesting contrasts with analysis based on correlations. Until recently, however, social scientists have been slow to embrace set-theoretic approaches. The perception was that this type of analysis is restricted to primitive, binary variables and that it has little or no tolerance for error. With the advent of ‘‘fuzzy’’ sets and the recognition that even rough set-theoretic relations are relevant to theory, these old barriers have crumbled. This paper advances the set-theoretic approach by presenting simple descriptive measures that can be used to evaluate set-theoretic relationships, especially relations between fuzzy sets. The first measure, ‘‘consistency,’’ assesses the degree to which a subset relation has been approximated, whereas the second measure, ‘‘coverage,’’ assesses the empirical relevance of a consistent subset. This paper demonstrates further that set-theoretic coverage can be partitioned in a manner somewhat analogous to the partitioning of explained variation in multiple regression analysis.

Effect of an intense electromagnetic field on a weakly bound system

Abstract: The approximation method introduced by Keldysh is revised and extended. The technique is applicable to the photodetachment by a plane-wave field of an electron bound by a short-range potential. The approximation is to neglect the effect of the binding potential as compared to the field effects on the final state of the detached electron. By choice of a different gauge than that used by Keldysh, the formalism becomes very simple and tractable. A general basis for the formalism is developed, and it is then applied to find transition probabilities for any order of interaction for both linearly and circularly polarized plane-wave fields. The low-intensity, first-order limit and the high-intensity, high-order limit yield the correct results. Two intensity parameters are identified. The fundamental one is $z=\frac{{e}^{2}{a}^{2}}{4m\ensuremath{\omega}}$, where $a$ is the magnitude of the vector potential (in radiation gauge) of the field of circular frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$. The second parameter is ${z}_{1}=\frac{2z\ensuremath{\omega}}{{E}_{B}}$, where ${E}_{B}$ is binding energy, and it becomes important only in the asymptotic case. With the assumption that the field leaves the neutral atomic core relatively unaffected, the formalism is applied to the example of the negative hydrogen ion irradiated by circularly or linearly polarized 10.6-\ensuremath{\mu}m radiation. Photodetachment angular distributions and total transition probabilities are examined for explicit intensity effects. It is found that total transition probability $W$ is not sensitive to intensity since $\frac{d(logW)}{d}$ ($logz$) retains low-intensity straight-line behavior up to quite high values of $z$. An important intensity effect is the major significance of higher-than-lowest-order terms when $z$ is large, especially for circular polarization. A sensitive indicator of intensity is the ratio of photodetachment probabilities in circularly and linearly polarized fields, which increases sharply with intensity. An investigation of the convergence of perturbation expansions gives the upper limit $zl[\frac{{E}_{B}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}]\ensuremath{-}\frac{{E}_{B}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}$, where the square bracket means "smallest integer containing" the quantity in brackets. This limit is $zl0.59$ for ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in 10.6-\ensuremath{\mu}m radiation. The failure of perturbation theory is not necessarily manifest in qualitative ways. For example, it is not apparent in total photoelectron yield as a function of intensity.

Crystallography Open Database - an open-access collection of crystal structures

Abstract: The Crystallography Open Database (COD), which is a project that aims to gather all available inorganic, metal–organic and small organic molecule structural data in one database, is described. The database adopts an open-access model. The COD currently contains ∼80 000 entries in crystallographic information file format, with nearly full coverage of the International Union of Crystallography publications, and is growing in size and quality.

Computer-aided analysis of mechanical systems

Abstract: Computer Aided Analysis Of Mechanical Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print ...