Showing papers by "University of Arizona published in 2022"
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21 Jan 2022TL;DR: The Theory and Applications of Iteration Methods as mentioned in this paper focuses on an abstract iteration scheme that consists of the recursive application of a point-to-set mapping, and the authors present new theoretical results and important applications in engineering, dynamic economic systems and input-output systems.
Abstract: The Theory and Applications of Iteration Methods focuses on an abstract iteration scheme that consists of the recursive application of a point-to-set mapping. Each chapter presents new theoretical results and important applications in engineering, dynamic economic systems, and input-output systems. At the end of each chapter, case studies and numerical examples are presented from different fields of engineering and economics. Following an outline of general iteration schemes, the authors extend the discrete time-scale Liapunov theory to time-dependent, higher order, nonlinear difference equations. The monotone convergence to the solution is examined in and comparison theorems are proven . Results generalize well-known classical theorems, such as the contraction mapping principle, the lemma of Kantorovich, the famous Gronwall lemma, and the stability theorem of Uzawa. The book explores conditions for the convergence of special single- and two-step methods such as Newton's method, modified Newton's method, and Newton-like methods generated by point-to-point mappings in a Banach space setting. Conditions are examined for monotone convergence of Newton's methods and their variants. Students and professionals in engineering, the physical sciences, mathematics, and economics will benefit from the book's detailed examples, step-by-step explanations, and effective organization.
120 citations
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TL;DR: The Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID) as mentioned in this paper is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study recruiting adults (aged ≥18 years) discharged from hospital with COVID19 across the UK.
118 citations
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San Francisco General Hospital1, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2, Cherokee Nation3, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases4, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta5, Kantonsspital Baselland6, Phoenix Children's Hospital7, University of Arizona8, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities9, Peking University10
TL;DR: In this article , a diagnostic scoring tool was developed to assist in clinical diagnosis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Kawasaki disease (KD), and toxic shock syndrome (TSS).
Abstract: Distinguishing multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Kawasaki disease (KD), and toxic shock syndrome (TSS) can be challenging. Because clinical management of these conditions can vary, timely and accurate diagnosis is essential.Data were collected from patients <21 years of age hospitalized with MIS-C, COVID-19, KD, and TSS in 4 major health care institutions. Patient demographics and clinical and laboratory data were compared among the 4 conditions, and a diagnostic scoring tool was developed to assist in clinical diagnosis.A total of 233 patients with MIS-C, 102 with COVID-19, 101 with KD, and 76 with TSS were included in the analysis. Patients with MIS-C had the highest prevalence of decreased cardiac function (38.6%), myocarditis (34.3%), pericardial effusion (38.2%), mitral regurgitation (31.8%) and pleural effusion (34.8%) compared with patients with the other conditions. Patients with MIS-C had increased peak levels of C-reactive protein and decreased platelets and lymphocyte nadir counts compared with patients with COVID-19 and KD and elevated levels of troponin, brain natriuretic peptide and pro-brain natriuretic peptide compared with COVID-19. Diagnostic scores utilizing clinical findings effectively distinguished MIS-C from COVID-19, KD, and TSS, with internal validation showing area under the curve ranging from 0.87 to 0.97.Compared with COVID-19, KD, and TSS, patients with MIS-C had significantly higher prevalence of cardiac complications, elevated markers of inflammation and cardiac damage, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia. Diagnostic scores can be a useful tool for distinguishing MIS-C from COVID-19, KD, and TSS.
37 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate that wastewater surveillance from a dormitory with at least three infected students could lead to the identification of viral genomes with more than 95% coverage, and that the feasibility of detecting viral variants from a residential building like a dorm was unclear.
30 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the degradation of florfenicol (FLO) was studied with the aid of boron-doped diamond anode (BDD) and the results exhibited that the FLO degradation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics.
27 citations
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Imperial College London1, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory2, Met Office3, NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory4, University of Maryland, Baltimore County5, University of Arizona6, Delft University of Technology7, University of Oxford8, University of Colorado Boulder9, University of Rochester10, University of Tartu11, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai12, University of Oklahoma13, Hebrew University of Jerusalem14, Brno University of Technology15, University of California, San Diego16, National Centre for Atmospheric Science17, University of Maryland, College Park18, University of Cambridge19, Texas Tech University20, National Centre for Earth Observation21, University of Washington22, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research23, Goethe University Frankfurt24
TL;DR: Aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) are considered to be the most uncertain driver of present-day radiative forcing due to human activities as discussed by the authors , and using correlations to infer causality can be challenging when meteorological variability also drives both aerosol and cloud changes independently.
Abstract: Aerosol-cloud interactions (ACIs) are considered to be the most uncertain driver of present-day radiative forcing due to human activities. The nonlinearity of cloud-state changes to aerosol perturbations make it challenging to attribute causality in observed relationships of aerosol radiative forcing. Using correlations to infer causality can be challenging when meteorological variability also drives both aerosol and cloud changes independently. Natural and anthropogenic aerosol perturbations from well-defined sources provide "opportunistic experiments" (also known as natural experiments) to investigate ACI in cases where causality may be more confidently inferred. These perturbations cover a wide range of locations and spatiotemporal scales, including point sources such as volcanic eruptions or industrial sources, plumes from biomass burning or forest fires, and tracks from individual ships or shipping corridors. We review the different experimental conditions and conduct a synthesis of the available satellite datasets and field campaigns to place these opportunistic experiments on a common footing, facilitating new insights and a clearer understanding of key uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing. Cloud albedo perturbations are strongly sensitive to background meteorological conditions. Strong liquid water path increases due to aerosol perturbations are largely ruled out by averaging across experiments. Opportunistic experiments have significantly improved process-level understanding of ACI, but it remains unclear how reliably the relationships found can be scaled to the global level, thus demonstrating a need for deeper investigation in order to improve assessments of aerosol radiative forcing and climate change.
26 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper , the ATLANTIS study was designed to identify the combination of physiological and imaging variables that best measure the presence and extent of small airway disease in asthma, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
23 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effect of part thickness on the number of internal micro-cracks along columnar grain boundaries in the build direction and found that the number increases with part thickness and is significantly higher in R108 than R65.
23 citations
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31 Jan 2022TL;DR: In this article , the effect of substitutions of the O atoms with either S or Se atoms was investigated in a series of multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters.
Abstract: Multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters based on nitrogen- and/or oxygen-substituted organoboron molecules can exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yields, color purity, and thermal and chemical stability. Therefore, these emitters have recently attracted great interest for application in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The compositional diversity of MR-TADF materials is, however, limited to the use mainly of nitrogen and oxygen as electron-rich heteroatoms. Here, we expand the chemical range of these materials by considering the replacement of the O atoms with either S or Se atoms, with the objective of enhancing spin–orbit coupling via the heavy-atom effect. We theoretically evaluate the influence of these substitutions on the emissive properties. We investigate three series of MR molecules with structural motifs based on the following: (i) DOBNA (5,9-dioxa-13b-boranaphtho[3,2,1-de]anthracene); (ii) OAB-ABP (5,12-dioxa-8b-aza-16b,19b-diboraanthra[1,9-ab]benzo[j]perylene); and (iii) the variation of the positions of the chalcogen atoms within the OAB-ABP framework. The results of highly correlated quantum-chemical calculations show that the chemical nature and positions of the chalcogen atoms have a crucial impact on the photophysical properties. Several of the molecules incorporating sulfur or selenium are found to exhibit both high-energy emissive states and large reverse intersystem crossing rates, which makes them promising candidates as efficient deep-blue emitters.
23 citations
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TL;DR: Argentatins A-C (1-3), the major cycloartane-type triterpenoids of guayule resin, a byproduct of commercial rubber production, were converted into their pyrimidine (7-12), thiazole (13-15), and indole (16-18) analogues by a molecular hybridization approach as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: Argentatins A–C (1–3), the major cycloartane-type triterpenoids of guayule resin, a byproduct of commercial rubber production, were converted into their pyrimidine (7–12), thiazole (13–15), and indole (16–18) analogues by a molecular hybridization approach. The cytotoxic activities of these fused heterocyclic analogues 7–18 were compared with those of argentatins A–C (1–3) against a panel of three sentinel human cancer cell lines [NCI-H460 (non-small cell lung), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), and SF-268 (central nervous system glioma)], and normal human fibroblast (WI-38) cells. The cytotoxicity data suggest that the pyrimidine analogues 7 and 8 (derived from 1), 9 and 10 (derived from 2), and 12 (derived from 3) had significantly enhanced activity compared to the parent compounds or their thiazole (13–15) and indole (16–18) analogues. These findings indicate that triterpenoid constituents of guayule resin may be exploited to obtain value-added products with potential applications in anticancer drug discovery.
22 citations
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TL;DR: The smallest plasmid can be less than a kilobase of DNA, while the largest can be over three orders of magnitude larger as mentioned in this paper. But plasmids come in different sizes.
Abstract: Naturally occurring plasmids come in different sizes. The smallest are less than a kilobase of DNA, while the largest can be over three orders of magnitude larger. Historically, research has tended...
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University of British Columbia1, European Gravitational Observatory2, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley3, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee4, California Institute of Technology5, International Centre for Theoretical Sciences6, University of Arizona7, Cardiff University8, Haverford College9, University of Birmingham10, INFN Sezione di Padova11, University of Hamburg12, Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés13, Université libre de Bruxelles14, Swinburne University of Technology15, Northwestern University16, University of Texas at Austin17, Brera Astronomical Observatory18, University of the Balearic Islands19, Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory20, IFAE21, McGill University22, Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory23, The Chinese University of Hong Kong24, University of Western Australia25, Paris Diderot University26, University of Florida27, INFN Sezione di Pisa28, Southern University and A&M College29, National Institute for Space Research30, Utrecht University31, Pennsylvania State University32, KEK33, University of Cambridge34, National Institute for Subatomic Physics35, Rochester Institute of Technology36, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur37, INFN Sezione di Roma I38, University of Tokyo39, University of Glasgow40, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology41, INFN Sezione di Roma II42, Louisiana State University43, INFN Sezione di Napoli44, Massachusetts Institute of Technology45, National Central University46
TL;DR: In this paper , the frequency and frequency time-derivative of the gravitational wave signals from 18 pulsars in data from LIGO and Virgo's third observing run (O3) was investigated.
Abstract: Isolated neutron stars that are asymmetric with respect to their spin axis are possible sources of detectable continuous gravitational waves. This paper presents a fully-coherent search for such signals from eighteen pulsars in data from LIGO and Virgo's third observing run (O3). For known pulsars, efficient and sensitive matched-filter searches can be carried out if one assumes the gravitational radiation is phase-locked to the electromagnetic emission. In the search presented here, we relax this assumption and allow the frequency and frequency time-derivative of the gravitational waves to vary in a small range around those inferred from electromagnetic observations. We find no evidence for continuous gravitational waves, and set upper limits on the strain amplitude for each target. These limits are more constraining for seven of the targets than the spin-down limit defined by ascribing all rotational energy loss to gravitational radiation. In an additional search we look in O3 data for long-duration (hours-months) transient gravitational waves in the aftermath of pulsar glitches for six targets with a total of nine glitches. We report two marginal outliers from this search, but find no clear evidence for such emission either. The resulting duration-dependent strain upper limits do not surpass indirect energy constraints for any of these targets.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the fundamental relationships among the COF electronic structures, the symmetries of their 2D lattices, and the frontier molecular orbitals (MOs) of their core and linker components are discussed.
Abstract: Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D-COFs), also referred to as 2D polymer networks, display unusual electronic-structure characteristics, which can significantly enrich and broaden the fields of electronics and spintronics. In this Focus article, our objective is to lay the groundwork for the conceptual description of the fundamental relationships among the COF electronic structures, the symmetries of their 2D lattices, and the frontier molecular orbitals (MOs) of their core and linker components. We focus on monolayers of hexagonal COFs and use tight-binding model analyses to highlight the critical role of the frontier-MO symmetry, in addition to lattice symmetry, in determining the nature of the electronic bands near the Fermi level. We rationalize the intriguing feature that, when the core unit has degenerate highest occupied MOs [or lowest unoccupied MOs], the COF highest valence band [or lowest conduction band] is flat but degenerate with a dispersive band at a high-symmetry point of the Brillouin zone; the consequences of having such band characteristics are briefly described. Multi-layer and bulk 2D COFs are found to maintain the salient features of the monolayer electronic structures albeit with a reduced bandgap due to the interlayer coupling. This Focus article is thus meant to provide an effective framework for the engineering of flat and Dirac bands in 2D polymer networks.
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TL;DR: A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines as mentioned in this paper , which collected, analyzed, and interpreted data of existing peer-reviewed full-text articles showed favorable metrics regarding surgical efficacy, pedicle screw target accuracy, radiation exposure, clinical outcomes, and disability and pain for patients with spinal pathology treated with the help of AR, VR, and/or MR.
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TL;DR: In this article , OM-85 treatment significantly inhibited ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA and protein expression, cell binding of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein, cell entry into, and SARS co-virus infection of epithelial cells.
Abstract: Treatments for coronavirus disease 2019, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are urgently needed but remain limited. SARS-CoV-2 infects cells through interactions of its spike (S) protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) on host cells. Multiple cells and organs are targeted, particularly airway epithelial cells. OM-85, a standardized lysate of human airway bacteria with strong immunomodulating properties and an impeccable safety profile, is widely used to prevent recurrent respiratory infections. We found that airway OM-85 administration inhibits Ace2 and Tmprss2 transcription in the mouse lung, suggesting that OM-85 might hinder SARS-CoV-2/host cell interactions.We sought to investigate whether and how OM-85 treatment protects nonhuman primate and human epithelial cells against SARS-CoV-2.ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA and protein expression, cell binding of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein, cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 S protein-pseudotyped lentiviral particles, and SARS-CoV-2 cell infection were measured in kidney, lung, and intestinal epithelial cell lines, primary human bronchial epithelial cells, and ACE2-transfected HEK293T cells treated with OM-85 in vitro.OM-85 significantly downregulated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 transcription and surface ACE2 protein expression in epithelial cell lines and primary bronchial epithelial cells. OM-85 also strongly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein binding to, SARS-CoV-2 S protein-pseudotyped lentivirus entry into, and SARS-CoV-2 infection of epithelial cells. These effects of OM-85 appeared to depend on SARS-CoV-2 receptor downregulation.OM-85 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 epithelial cell infection in vitro by downregulating SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression. Further studies are warranted to assess whether OM-85 may prevent and/or reduce the severity of coronavirus disease 2019.
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TL;DR: For example, this paper showed that the simple amino acid glycine (CH2NH2COOH) showed diffusion control in most studies with H2O2, Fe2(SO4)3, or dissolved O2 as oxidants, but slower reaction-controlled kinetics and lower total extraction than ionic liquids.
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TL;DR: In this article, an energy-efficient and secure hybrid (EESH) algorithm is introduced for the mobile fog-based cloud (MFBC) to support the Internet of Things (IoT) and is highly suitable for obtaining virtualized data without additional waiting time.
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TL;DR: In this article, the effects of elevated temperatures on soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition pathways in northern peatlands are investigated. But, little is known about how SOM decomposition pathway change at higher temperatures.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors found that vaccination does not affect a large number of physiological responses to graded exercise, indicating that vaccination is unlikely to impair exercise capacity in normal healthy people, and that small elevations in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to exercise after recent COVID-19 vaccination could have implications for exercise performance in elite athletes.
Abstract: Recent COVID-19 vaccination does not affect a large number of physiological responses to graded exercise, indicating that vaccination is unlikely to impair exercise capacity in normal healthy people. Heart rate and norepinephrine levels were elevated in response to exercise after the two-dose Pfizer mRNA vaccination compared to controls. Small elevations in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to exercise after recent COVID-19 vaccination could have implications for exercise performance in elite athletes and warrants investigation.
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TL;DR: Open Hydrology Principles and Open Hydrology Practical Guide as discussed by the authors aim to inform and empower hydrologists as they transition to open, accessible, reusable, and reproducible research.
Abstract: Abstract. Open, accessible, reusable, and reproducible hydrologic research can have a significant positive impact on the scientific community and broader society. While more individuals and organizations within the hydrology community are embracing open science practices, technical (e.g., limited coding experience), resource (e.g., open access fees), and social (e.g., fear of weaknesses being exposed or ideas being scooped) challenges remain. Furthermore, there are a growing number of constantly evolving open science tools, resources, and initiatives that can be overwhelming. These challenges and the ever-evolving nature of the open science landscape may seem insurmountable for hydrologists interested in pursuing open science. Therefore, we propose the general “Open Hydrology Principles” to guide individual and community progress toward open science for research and education and the “Open Hydrology Practical Guide” to improve the accessibility of currently available tools and approaches. We aim to inform and empower hydrologists as they transition to open, accessible, reusable, and reproducible research. We discuss the benefits as well as common open science challenges and how hydrologists can overcome them. The Open Hydrology Principles and Open Hydrology Practical Guide reflect our knowledge of the current state of open hydrology; we recognize that recommendations and suggestions will evolve and expand with emerging open science infrastructures, workflows, and research experiences. Therefore, we encourage hydrologists all over the globe to join in and help advance open science by contributing to the living version of this document and by sharing open hydrology resources in the community-supported repository (https://open-hydrology.github.io, last access: 1 February 2022).
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TL;DR: A review of the current state of hydrogeodesy with a specific focus on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)/Global Positioning System measurements of hydrologic loading is provided in this article .
Abstract: Hydrogeodesy, a relatively new field within the earth sciences, is the analysis of the distribution and movement of terrestrial water at Earth's surface using measurements of Earth's shape, orientation, and gravitational field. In this paper, we review the current state of hydrogeodesy with a specific focus on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)/Global Positioning System measurements of hydrologic loading. As water cycles through the hydrosphere, GNSS stations anchored to Earth's crust measure the associated movement of the land surface under the weight of changing hydrologic loads. Recent advances in GNSS-based hydrogeodesy have led to exciting applications of hydrologic loading and subsequent terrestrial water storage (TWS) estimates. We describe how GNSS position time series respond to climatic drivers, can be used to estimate TWS across temporal scales, and can improve drought characterization. We aim to facilitate hydrologists' use of GNSS-observed surface deformation as an emerging tool for investigating and quantifying water resources, propose methods to further strengthen collaborative research and exchange between geodesists and hydrologists, and offer ideas about pressing questions in hydrology that GNSS may help to answer.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors characterize the distribution of long-term equity returns based on the historical record of stock market performance in a broad cross section of 39 developed countries over the period from 1841 to 2019.
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TL;DR: In this article, the diversity and structure of Arabidopsis halleri rhizosphere-influenced and background (i.e., non-Arabidopsis) soil microbial communities in four plant populations with contrasting Zn and Cd hyperaccumulation traits, two each from contaminated and uncontaminated sites.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss similarities and differences in aging and age-related diseases in dogs and humans and summarize key advances in understanding of genetic and environmental risk factors for morbidity and mortality in dogs.
Abstract: As the most phenotypically diverse mammalian species that shares human environments and access to sophisticated healthcare, domestic dogs have unique potential to inform our understanding of the determinants of aging. Here we outline key concepts in the study of aging and illustrate the value of research with dogs, which can improve dog health and support translational discoveries. We consider similarities and differences in aging and age-related diseases in dogs and humans and summarize key advances in our understanding of genetic and environmental risk factors for morbidity and mortality in dogs. We address health outcomes ranging from cancer to cognitive function and highlight emerging research opportunities from large-scale cohort studies in companion dogs. We conclude that studying aging in dogs could overcome many limitations of laboratory models, most notably, the ability to assess how aging-associated pathways influence aging in real-world environments similar to those experienced by humans. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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TL;DR: In this paper, an improved technique for sensing damage initiation and progression in thermoplastic resin composite plate specimens is presented, which uses a nonlinear ultrasonic (NLU) technique called S ideband P eak C ount I ndex or SPC-I.
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TL;DR: In this paper , a novel approach based on physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) for the solution of Point Kinetics Equations (PKEs) with temperature feedback is presented.
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TL;DR: The authors reviewed the empirical methods used in the accounting literature to draw causal inferences and provided a framework for thinking about whether and when quasi-experimental and non-expert methods are well-suited for addressing causal questions of interest to accounting researchers.
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TL;DR: An infrared and visible image fusion method based on an iterative differential thermal information filter to generate a fusion image with the salient thermal targets of the infrared image and detailed information of the visible image is proposed.
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TL;DR: More than 60% of community-dwelling adult women in the United States experience any urinary incontinence and an increase from prior estimates (38%-49%) using NHANES data from 1999 to 2004; more than 20% experience moderate or more severe UIs as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: This study aimed to update estimates of urinary incontinence (UI) prevalence and associated risk factors for adult women in the United States, using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).We used descriptive analysis of 2015-2018 NHANES weighted data for women to estimate prevalence and characterize UI types and severity. Logistic regression modeling determined adjusted associations with UI.Complete data were available for 5,006 women. In weighted analyses, 61.8% had UI, corresponding to 78,297,094 adult U.S. women, with 32.4% of all women reporting symptoms at least monthly. Of those with UI, 37.5% had stress urinary incontinence, 22.0% had urgency urinary incontinence, 31.3% had mixed symptoms, and 9.2% had unspecified incontinence. The prevalence of moderate or more severe UI by Sandvik Severity Index was 22.1%, corresponding to 28,454,778 adult U.S. women. In multivariate models, increasing age, body mass index ≥25, prior vaginal birth, anxiety, depression, functional dependence, and non-Hispanic White ethnicity and race were associated with any and moderate UI. Urinary incontinence was not associated with diabetes, education level, prior hysterectomy, smoking status, physical activity level, or current pregnancy status.More than 60% of community-dwelling adult women in the United States experience any UI and an increase from prior estimates (38%-49%) using NHANES data from 1999 to 2004; more than 20% experience moderate or more severe UI. Increases in UI prevalence may be related to population aging and increasing obesity prevalence. Age greater than 70 years, body mass index >40, and vaginal birth had the strongest association with UI in multivariate modeling.
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TL;DR: In this article , the stiffness matrix of the PD element is derived by using the peridynamic least squares minimization (PD LSM) method based on the small deformation assumption.