Institution
University of Reading
Education•Reading, United Kingdom•
About: University of Reading is a education organization based out in Reading, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Climate change. The organization has 18728 authors who have published 46707 publications receiving 1758671 citations. The organization is also known as: University College, Reading.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a new hypothesis that this equivalent-barotropic ridge near Japan is formed as a result of the propagation of stationary Rossby waves along the Asian jet in the upper troposphere (the Silk Road pattern).
Abstract: The Bonin high is a subtropical anticyclone that is predominant near Japan in the summer. This anticyclone is associated with an equivalent-barotropic structure, often extending throughout the entire troposphere. Although the equivalent-barotropic structure of the Bonin high has been known for years among synopticians because of its importance to the summer climate in east Asia, there are few dynamical explanations for such a structure. The present paper attempts to provide a formation mechanism for the deep ridge near Japan. We propose a new hypothesis that this equivalent-barotropic ridge near Japan is formed as a result of the propagation of stationary Rossby waves along the Asian jet in the upper troposphere (‘the Silk Road pattern’). First, the monthly mean climatology is examined in order to demonstrate this hypothesis. It is shown that the enhanced Asian jet in August is favourable for the propagation of stationary Rossby waves and that the regions of descent over the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Aral Sea act as two major wave sources. Second, a primitive-equation model is used to simulate the climatology of August. The model successfully simulates the Bonin high with an equivalent-barotropic structure. The upper-tropospheric ridge is found to be enhanced by a height anomaly of more than 80 m at 200 hPa, when a wave packet arrives. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to show that the removal of the diabatic cooling over the Asian jet suppresses the Silk Road pattern and formation of an equivalent-barotropic ridge near Japan, while the removal of the diabatic heating in the western Pacific does not. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
495 citations
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International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis1, University of London2, University of York3, University of Exeter4, University of Plymouth5, Peninsula College6, University of Birmingham7, King's College London8, Imperial College London9, Lancaster University10, Norwegian Meteorological Institute11, University of East Anglia12, University of Leeds13, University of Cambridge14, University of Reading15
493 citations
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TL;DR: The model was tested using five annual waves of the Project for the Analysis of Learning and Achievement in Mathematics (PALMA) longitudinal study, which investigated adolescents' development in mathematics, and showed that positive emotions positively predicted subsequent achievement and negative emotions negatively predicted achievement.
Abstract: A reciprocal effects model linking emotion and achievement over time is proposed. The model was tested using five annual waves of the Project for the Analysis of Learning and Achievement in Mathematics (PALMA) longitudinal study, which investigated adolescents’ development in mathematics (Grades 5–9; N = 3,425 German students; mean starting age = 11.7 years; representative sample). Structural equation modeling showed that positive emotions (enjoyment, pride) positively predicted subsequent achievement (math end-of-the-year grades and test scores), and that achievement positively predicted these emotions, controlling for students’ gender, intelligence, and family socioeconomic status. Negative emotions (anger, anxiety, shame, boredom, hopelessness) negatively predicted achievement, and achievement negatively predicted these emotions. The findings were robust across waves, achievement indicators, and school tracks, highlighting the importance of emotions for students’ achievement and of achievement for the development of emotions.
493 citations
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TL;DR: A new family of mathematical functions to fit longitudinal growth data is described, containing only five parameters to describe growth in stature from age two to maturity.
Abstract: A new family of mathematical functions to fit longitudinal growth data is described. All members derive from the differential equation dh/dt = s(t). (h1-h) where h1 is adult size and s(t) is a function of time. The form of s(t) is given by one of many functions, all solutions of differential equations, thus generating a family of different models. Three versions were compared. All were superior to previously described models. Model 1, in which s(t) was defined by ds/dt = (s1 - s)(s - s0) was especially accurate and robust, containing only five parameters to describe growth in stature from age two to maturity. Derived "biological" parameters such as Peak Height Velocity were very consistent between these three members of the family but, in some cases, differed signficantly from previous estimates.
493 citations
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TL;DR: The approach was to construct a smooth fitness landscape over nutrient space, centred on a ‘target’ intake at which no fitness cost is incurred, and this leads to a natural classification of the simple possible fitness landscapes based on Taylor series approximations of landscape shape.
493 citations
Authors
Showing all 18998 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
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Rob Knight | 201 | 1061 | 253207 |
Pete Smith | 156 | 2464 | 138819 |
Richard J. Davidson | 156 | 602 | 91414 |
J. Fraser Stoddart | 147 | 1239 | 96083 |
David A. Jackson | 136 | 1095 | 68352 |
Peter Hall | 132 | 1640 | 85019 |
Kazunari Domen | 130 | 908 | 77964 |
Richard A. Dixon | 126 | 603 | 71424 |
Julian P T Higgins | 126 | 334 | 217988 |
Philip C. Calder | 125 | 747 | 59110 |
Glenn R. Gibson | 123 | 476 | 71956 |
Elaine Holmes | 119 | 560 | 58975 |
Philip H. S. Torr | 111 | 573 | 55731 |
Charles D.A. Wolfe | 107 | 437 | 87564 |
Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán | 106 | 389 | 36505 |