Institution
University of Reading
Education•Reading, United Kingdom•
About: University of Reading is a education organization based out in Reading, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Climate change. The organization has 18728 authors who have published 46707 publications receiving 1758671 citations. The organization is also known as: University College, Reading.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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Ocean University of China1, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation2, University of New South Wales3, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory4, University of Hawaii5, University of Exeter6, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory7, Centre national de la recherche scientifique8, Monash University, Clayton campus9, University of Reading10
TL;DR: In this paper, an increase in frequency of La Nina events was predicted due to faster land warming relative to the ocean, and a greater chance of them occurring following extreme El Nino events.
Abstract: Extreme La Nina events occur when cold sea surface temperatures across the central Pacific Ocean create a strong temperature gradient to the Maritime continent in the west. This work projects an increase in frequency of La Nina events due to faster land warming relative to the ocean, and a greater chance of them occurring following extreme El Nino events. The El Nino/Southern Oscillation is Earth’s most prominent source of interannual climate variability, alternating irregularly between El Nino and La Nina, and resulting in global disruption of weather patterns, ecosystems, fisheries and agriculture1,2,3,4,5. The 1998–1999 extreme La Nina event that followed the 1997–1998 extreme El Nino event6 switched extreme El Nino-induced severe droughts to devastating floods in western Pacific countries, and vice versa in the southwestern United States4,7. During extreme La Nina events, cold sea surface conditions develop in the central Pacific8,9, creating an enhanced temperature gradient from the Maritime continent to the central Pacific. Recent studies have revealed robust changes in El Nino characteristics in response to simulated future greenhouse warming10,11,12, but how La Nina will change remains unclear. Here we present climate modelling evidence, from simulations conducted for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (ref. 13), for a near doubling in the frequency of future extreme La Nina events, from one in every 23 years to one in every 13 years. This occurs because projected faster mean warming of the Maritime continent than the central Pacific, enhanced upper ocean vertical temperature gradients, and increased frequency of extreme El Nino events are conducive to development of the extreme La Nina events. Approximately 75% of the increase occurs in years following extreme El Nino events, thus projecting more frequent swings between opposite extremes from one year to the next.
467 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a semi-micro Kjeldahl method for the determination of the total, casein, albumiij, globulin, proteose-peptone, and non-protein nitrogen of milk is presented.
Abstract: Details are given of a semi-micro Kjeldahl method for the determination of the total, casein, albumiij, globulin, proteose-peptone, and non-protein nitrogen of milk. The method is accurate, rapid, and particularly suitable for the determination of the smaller nitrogen fractions.The various nitrogen fractions are separated by the improved procedures described in the preceding paper.
466 citations
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TL;DR: The results show that the majority of the in vivo forms derive from cleavage products of the action of colonic bacterial enzymes and subsequent metabolism in the liver, and suggest that consideration should be given to the cleavage Products as having a putative role as physiologically relevant bioactive components in vivo.
466 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of defect sites on a surface frequently give rise to small wavenumber shifts in the infrared spectrum of an adsorbed species, which can lead to erroneous interpretations of the spectra from supported catalysts and other relatively poorly defined substrates.
465 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a model SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy fluxes), which is a vertical (1-D) integrated radiative transfer and energy balance model.
Abstract: . This paper presents the model SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy fluxes), which is a vertical (1-D) integrated radiative transfer and energy balance model. The model links visible to thermal infrared radiance spectra (0.4 to 50 μm) as observed above the canopy to the fluxes of water, heat and carbon dioxide, as a function of vegetation structure, and the vertical profiles of temperature. Output of the model is the spectrum of outgoing radiation in the viewing direction and the turbulent heat fluxes, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. A special routine is dedicated to the calculation of photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll fluorescence at the leaf level as a function of net radiation and leaf temperature. The fluorescence contributions from individual leaves are integrated over the canopy layer to calculate top-of-canopy fluorescence. The calculation of radiative transfer and the energy balance is fully integrated, allowing for feedback between leaf temperatures, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and radiative fluxes. Leaf temperatures are calculated on the basis of energy balance closure. Model simulations were evaluated against observations reported in the literature and against data collected during field campaigns. These evaluations showed that SCOPE is able to reproduce realistic radiance spectra, directional radiance and energy balance fluxes. The model may be applied for the design of algorithms for the retrieval of evapotranspiration from optical and thermal earth observation data, for validation of existing methods to monitor vegetation functioning, to help interpret canopy fluorescence measurements, and to study the relationships between synoptic observations with diurnally integrated quantities. The model has been implemented in Matlab and has a modular design, thus allowing for great flexibility and scalability.
465 citations
Authors
Showing all 18998 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
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Rob Knight | 201 | 1061 | 253207 |
Pete Smith | 156 | 2464 | 138819 |
Richard J. Davidson | 156 | 602 | 91414 |
J. Fraser Stoddart | 147 | 1239 | 96083 |
David A. Jackson | 136 | 1095 | 68352 |
Peter Hall | 132 | 1640 | 85019 |
Kazunari Domen | 130 | 908 | 77964 |
Richard A. Dixon | 126 | 603 | 71424 |
Julian P T Higgins | 126 | 334 | 217988 |
Philip C. Calder | 125 | 747 | 59110 |
Glenn R. Gibson | 123 | 476 | 71956 |
Elaine Holmes | 119 | 560 | 58975 |
Philip H. S. Torr | 111 | 573 | 55731 |
Charles D.A. Wolfe | 107 | 437 | 87564 |
Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán | 106 | 389 | 36505 |