Dopaminergic Neurons Intrinsic to the Primate Striatum
Ranjita Betarbet,Robert Turner,Vijay Chockkan,Mahlon R. DeLong,Kelly A. Allers,Judith R. Walters,Allan I. Levey,J. Timothy Greenamyre +7 more
TLDR
The results demonstrate that the dopaminergic cell population of the striatum responds to dopamine denervation by increasing in number, apparently to compensate for loss of extrinsic dopaminaergic innervation.Abstract:
Intrinsic, striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-i) cells have received little consideration. In this study we have characterized these neurons and their regulatory response to nigrostriatal dopaminergic deafferentation. TH-i cells were observed in the striatum of both control and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkeys; TH-i cell counts, however, were 3.5-fold higher in the striatum of MPTP-lesioned monkeys. To establish the dopaminergic nature of the TH-i cells, sections were double-labeled with antibodies to dopamine transporter (DAT). Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that nearly all TH-i cells were double-labeled with DAT, suggesting that they contain the machinery to be functional dopaminergic neurons. Two types of TH-i cells were identified in the striatum: small, aspiny, bipolar cells with varicose dendrites and larger spiny, multipolar cells. The aspiny cells, which were more prevalent, corresponded morphologically to the GABAergic interneurons of the striatum. Double-label immunofluorescence studies using antibodies to TH and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), the synthetic enzyme for GABA, showed that 99% of the TH-i cells were GAD67-positive. Very few (read more
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Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: an update.
TL;DR: The purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of the diversity and neurochemical features of the nine dopamine-containing neuronal cell groups in the mammalian brain, their distinctive cellular properties, and their ability to regulate their dopaminergic transmitter machinery in response to altered functional demands and aging.
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Pathophysiology of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease.
Jose A. Obeso,Maria C. Rodriguez-Oroz,Manuel Rodriguez,José L. Lanciego,Julio Artieda,Nancy Gonzalo,C. Warren Olanow +6 more
TL;DR: The basal ganglia can no longer be thought of as a unidirectional linear system that transfers information based solely on a firing-rate code, and is proposed to be a highly organized network, with operational characteristics that simulate a non-linear dynamic system.
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Functional changes of the basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson's disease.
TL;DR: The identification of the role of the subthalamic nucleus and, more in general, of the glutamatergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease might lead to a new approach in the pharmacological treatment of the disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dopaminergic neurons generated from monkey embryonic stem cells function in a Parkinson primate model
Yasushi Takagi,Jun Takahashi,Hidemoto Saiki,Asuka Morizane,Takuya Hayashi,Yo Kishi,Hitoshi Fukuda,Yo Okamoto,Masaomi Koyanagi,Makoto Ideguchi,Hideki Hayashi,Takayuki Imazato,Hiroshi Kawasaki,Hirofumi Suemori,Shigeki Omachi,Hidehiko Iida,Nobuyuki Itoh,Norio Nakatsuji,Yoshiki Sasai,Nobuo Hashimoto +19 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that FGF20, preferentially expressed in the substantia nigra, acts synergistically with FGF2 to increase the number of DA neurons in ES cell-derived neurospheres, and that the transplanted cells functioned as DA neurons and attenuated MPTP-induced neurological symptoms.
Journal ArticleDOI
Heterogeneity and diversity of striatal GABAergic interneurons.
TL;DR: The anatomy, neurochemistry, electrophysiology, synaptic connections, and function of the three “classic” striatal GABAergic interneurons are reviewed, based on more recent data derived from in vitro recordings from BAC transgenic mice as well as recent in vivo data.
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