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Global Epigenomic Reconfiguration During Mammalian Brain Development

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TLDR
The results extend the knowledge of the unique role of DNA methylation in brain development and function, and offer a new framework for testing the role of the epigenome in healthy function and in pathological disruptions of neural circuits.
Abstract
DNA methylation is implicated in mammalian brain development and plasticity underlying learning and memory. We report the genome-wide composition, patterning, cell specificity, and dynamics of DNA methylation at single-base resolution in human and mouse frontal cortex throughout their lifespan. Widespread methylome reconfiguration occurs during fetal to young adult development, coincident with synaptogenesis. During this period, highly conserved non-CG methylation (mCH) accumulates in neurons, but not glia, to become the dominant form of methylation in the human neuronal genome. Moreover, we found an mCH signature that identifies genes escaping X-chromosome inactivation. Last, whole-genome single-base resolution 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) maps revealed that hmC marks fetal brain cell genomes at putative regulatory regions that are CG-demethylated and activated in the adult brain and that CG demethylation at these hmC-poised loci depends on Tet2 activity.

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Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes

Anshul Kundaje, +123 more
- 19 Feb 2015 - 
TL;DR: It is shown that disease- and trait-associated genetic variants are enriched in tissue-specific epigenomic marks, revealing biologically relevant cell types for diverse human traits, and providing a resource for interpreting the molecular basis of human disease.

Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes

TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes generated as part of the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium, profiled for histone modification patterns, DNA accessibility, DNA methylation and RNA expression.
Journal ArticleDOI

Function and information content of DNA methylation

TL;DR: These observations indicate that the underlying DNA sequence largely accounts for local patterns of methylation, which is highly informative when studying gene regulation in normal and diseased cells, and it can potentially function as a biomarker.
Journal ArticleDOI

EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

TL;DR: A much more complete understanding of the endocrine principles by which EDCs act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, and developmental vulnerability, can be much better translated to human health.
Journal ArticleDOI

The diverse roles of DNA methylation in mammalian development and disease

TL;DR: The mechanisms and functions of DNA methylation and demethylation in both mice and humans at CpG-rich promoters, gene bodies and transposable elements are discussed and the dynamic erasure and re-establishment in embryonic, germline and somatic cell development is highlighted.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome

TL;DR: Bowtie extends previous Burrows-Wheeler techniques with a novel quality-aware backtracking algorithm that permits mismatches and can be used simultaneously to achieve even greater alignment speeds.
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Model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS)

TL;DR: This work presents Model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq data, MACS, which analyzes data generated by short read sequencers such as Solexa's Genome Analyzer, and uses a dynamic Poisson distribution to effectively capture local biases in the genome, allowing for more robust predictions.
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Differential gene and transcript expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with TopHat and Cufflinks

TL;DR: This protocol begins with raw sequencing reads and produces a transcriptome assembly, lists of differentially expressed and regulated genes and transcripts, and publication-quality visualizations of analysis results, which takes less than 1 d of computer time for typical experiments and ∼1 h of hands-on time.
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The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency

TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that a simple FDR controlling procedure for independent test statistics can also control the false discovery rate when test statistics have positive regression dependency on each of the test statistics corresponding to the true null hypotheses.
Journal ArticleDOI

Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences

TL;DR: The first genome-wide, single-base-resolution maps of methylated cytosines in a mammalian genome, from both human embryonic stem cells and fetal fibroblasts, along with comparative analysis of messenger RNA and small RNA components of the transcriptome, several histone modifications, and sites of DNA-protein interaction for several key regulatory factors were presented in this article.
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