Journal ArticleDOI
Increase in acidifying water in the western Arctic Ocean
Di Qi,Di Qi,Liqi Chen,Baoshan Chen,Baoshan Chen,Zhongyong Gao,Wenli Zhong,Richard A. Feely,Leif G. Anderson,Heng Sun,Jianfang Chen,Min Chen,Liyang Zhan,Yuanhui Zhang,Wei-Jun Cai,Wei-Jun Cai +15 more
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In this paper, the authors show that aragonite saturation levels have decreased, with low saturation water deepening to 250m and increasing in area more rapidly than seen in other oceans.Abstract:
Ocean acidification has expanded in the western Arctic Ocean. Observations from the 1990s to 2010 show that aragonite saturation levels have decreased, with low saturation water deepening to 250 m and increasing in area more rapidly than seen in other oceans. The uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the ocean decreases seawater pH and carbonate mineral aragonite saturation state (Ωarag), a process known as Ocean Acidification (OA). This can be detrimental to marine organisms and ecosystems1,2. The Arctic Ocean is particularly sensitive to climate change3 and aragonite is expected to become undersaturated (Ωarag < 1) there sooner than in other oceans4. However, the extent and expansion rate of OA in this region are still unknown. Here we show that, between the 1990s and 2010, low Ωarag waters have expanded northwards at least 5°, to 85° N, and deepened 100 m, to 250 m depth. Data from trans-western Arctic Ocean cruises show that Ωarag < 1 water has increased in the upper 250 m from 5% to 31% of the total area north of 70° N. Tracer data and model simulations suggest that increased Pacific Winter Water transport, driven by an anomalous circulation pattern and sea-ice retreat, is primarily responsible for the expansion, although local carbon recycling and anthropogenic CO2 uptake have also contributed. These results indicate more rapid acidification is occurring in the Arctic Ocean than the Pacific and Atlantic oceans5,6,7,8, with the western Arctic Ocean the first open-ocean region with large-scale expansion of ‘acidified’ water directly observed in the upper water column.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification
Ove Hoegh-Guldberg,Elvira S. Poloczanska,Elvira S. Poloczanska,William J. Skirving,Sophie Dove +4 more
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that even lower greenhouse gas emission scenarios (such as Representative Concentration Pathway RCP 4.5) are likely to drive the elimination of most warm-water coral reefs by 2040-2050.
Journal ArticleDOI
Phytoplankton dynamics in a changing Arctic Ocean
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight trends in primary production over the last two decades and consider changes to Arctic phenology by borealization and hidden under-ice blooms, and how the diversity of phytoplankton assemblages might evolve in a novel Arctic biogeochemical landscape.
Journal ArticleDOI
GLODAPv2.2019 – an update of GLODAPv2
Are Olsen,Nico Lange,Robert M. Key,Toste Tanhua,Marta Álvarez,Susan Becker,Henry C. Bittig,Brendan R. Carter,Brendan R. Carter,Leticia Cotrim da Cunha,Richard A. Feely,Steven van Heuven,Mario Hoppema,Masao Ishii,Emil Jeansson,Steve D Jones,Sara Jutterström,Maren K. Karlsen,Alex Kozyr,Siv K. Lauvset,Siv K. Lauvset,Claire Lo Monaco,Akihiko Murata,Fiz F. Pérez,Benjamin Pfeil,Carsten Schirnick,Reiner Steinfeldt,Toru Suzuki,Maciej Telszewski,Bronte Tilbrook,Anton Velo,Rik Wanninkhof +31 more
TL;DR: The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAPv2, v2.2019) as discussed by the authors provides regular compilations of surface to bottom ocean biogeochemical data, with an emphasis on seawater inorganic carbon chemistry.
Journal ArticleDOI
The quiet crossing of ocean tipping points
Christoph Heinze,Christoph Heinze,Thorsten Blenckner,Helena Martins,Dagmara Rusiecka,Dagmara Rusiecka,Ralf Döscher,Marion Gehlen,Nicolas Gruber,Elisabeth A. Holland,Øystein Hov,Øystein Hov,Fortunat Joos,Fortunat Joos,J. B. Matthews,Rolf Rødven,Simon Wilson +16 more
TL;DR: High-probability high-impact ocean tipping points due to warming, ocean acidification, and deoxygenation may be more fragmented both regionally and in time but add up to global dimensions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Compensation of ocean acidification effects in Arctic phytoplankton assemblages
Clara Jule Marie Hoppe,Clara Jule Marie Hoppe,Klara Wolf,Nina Schuback,Nina Schuback,Philippe D. Tortell,Björn Rost +6 more
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of ocean acidification on natural phytoplankton assemblages, which are the main primary producers in high-latitude waters, were investigated.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms
James C. Orr,Victoria J. Fabry,Olivier Aumont,Laurent Bopp,Scott C. Doney,Richard A. Feely,Anand Gnanadesikan,Nicolas Gruber,Akio Ishida,Fortunat Joos,Robert M. Key,Keith Lindsay,Ernst Maier-Reimer,Richard J. Matear,Patrick Monfray,Anne Mouchet,Raymond G. Najjar,Gian-Kasper Plattner,Keith B. Rodgers,Christopher L. Sabine,Jorge L. Sarmiento,Reiner Schlitzer,Richard D. Slater,I. Totterdell,Marie-France Weirig,Yasuhiro Yamanaka,Andrew Yool +26 more
TL;DR: 13 models of the ocean–carbon cycle are used to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a ‘business-as-usual’ scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.
Journal ArticleDOI
The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2.
Christopher L. Sabine,Richard A. Feely,Nicolas Gruber,R.M. Key,Kitack Lee,John L. Bullister,Rik Wanninkhof,C. S. Wong,Douglas W.R. Wallace,Bronte Tilbrook,Frank J. Millero,Tsung-Hung Peng,Alexander Kozyr,T. Ono,Aida F. Ríos +14 more
TL;DR: Using inorganic carbon measurements from an international survey effort in the 1990s and a tracer-based separation technique, the authors estimate a global oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) sink for the period from 1800 to 1994 of 118 19 petagrams of carbon.
Journal ArticleDOI
Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure1
TL;DR: The apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater were determined as functions of temperature (2-35°C) and salinity (19-43%) at atmospheric pressure by measurement of K'1 and the product K', K' as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media
TL;DR: In this paper, the published experimental data of Hansson and Mehrbach et al. have been critically compared after adjustment to a common pH scale based upon total hydrogen ion concentration, and the results have been pooled to yield reliable equations that can be used to estimate pK1∗and pK2∗ for seawater media a salinities from 0 to 40 and at temperatures from 2 to 35°C.
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