Microglia express distinct M1 and M2 phenotypic markers in the postnatal and adult central nervous system in male and female mice.
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TLDR
Age‐ and sex‐specific variances in basal gene expression may allow differential microglial responses to the same stimulus at different ages, perhaps contributing to altered CNS vulnerabilities and/or disease courses.Abstract:
Although microglial activation is associated with all CNS disorders, many of which are sexually dimorphic or age-dependent, little is known about whether microglial basal gene expression is altered with age in the healthy CNS or whether it is sex dependent. Analysis of microglia from the brains of 3-day (P3)- to 12-month-old male and female C57Bl/6 mice revealed distinct gene expression profiles during postnatal development that differ significantly from those in adulthood. Microglia at P3 are characterized by relatively high iNOS, TNFα and arginase-I mRNA levels, whereas P21 microglia have increased expression of CD11b, TLR4, and FcRγI. Adult microglia (2-4 months) are characterized by low proinflammatory cytokine expression, which increases by 12 months of age. Age-dependent differences in gene expression suggest that microglia likely undergo phenotypic changes during ontogenesis, although in the healthy brain they did not express exclusively either M1 or M2 phenotypic markers at any time. Interestingly, microglia were sexually dimorphic only at P3, when females had higher expression of inflammatory cytokines than males, although there were no sex differences in estrogen receptor expression at this or any other time evaluated here. Compared with microglia in vivo, primary microglia prepared from P3 mice had considerably altered gene expression, with higher levels of TNFα, CD11b, arginase-I, and VEGF, suggesting that culturing may significantly alter microglial properties. In conclusion, age- and sex-specific variances in basal gene expression may allow differential microglial responses to the same stimulus at different ages, perhaps contributing to altered CNS vulnerabilities and/or disease courses.read more
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Axonal Injuries Cast Long Shadows: Long Term Glial Activation in Injured and Contralateral Retinas after Unilateral Axotomy.
María José González-Riquelme,Caridad Galindo-Romero,Fernando Lucas-Ruiz,Marina Martínez-Carmona,Kristy T. Rodríguez-Ramírez,José María Cabrera-Maqueda,José María Cabrera-Maqueda,María Norte-Muñoz,Manuel Vidal-Sanz,Marta Agudo-Barriuso +9 more
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Microglia depletion and cognitive functions after brain injury: From trauma to galactic cosmic ray.
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Lumbar spinal cord microglia exhibited increased activation in aging dogs compared with young adult dogs.
Christine M Toedebusch,Virginia B. Garcia,John C. Snyder,Maria R. Jones,David J. Schulz,Gayle C. Johnson,Eric Villalón,Joan R. Coates,Michael L. Garcia +8 more
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Microglia in the Pathophysiology of Hemorrhagic Stroke and the Relationship Between Microglia and Pain After Stroke: A Narrative Review
Chen He,Renhuai Liu,Zhongming Fan,Yi Li,Manping Yang,Hou Wu-gang,Zhihong Lu,Zongping Fang,Bin-Xiao Su +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed studies of the molecular mechanisms of hemorrhagic stroke, especially the activation of microglia and the relationship between microgliosis and pain after stroke.
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Inflammatory Cytokine Profile and Plasticity of Brain and Spinal Microglia in Response to ATP and Glutamate.
Sam Joshva Baskar Jesudasan,Somnath J. Gupta,Matthew A. Churchward,Matthew A. Churchward,Kathryn G. Todd,Ian R. Winship +5 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the response of spinal cord microglia (SM) relative to brain microglias (BM) using physiologically relevant concentrations of glutamate and ATP that mimic injured conditions in the central nervous system was compared.
References
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