Mortality in Mental Disorders and Global Disease Burden Implications: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
TLDR
Estimates suggest that mental disorders rank among the most substantial causes of death worldwide, and efforts to quantify and address the global burden of illness need to better consider the role of mental disorders in preventable mortality.Abstract:
Importance Despite the potential importance of understanding excess mortality among people with mental disorders, no comprehensive meta-analyses have been conducted quantifying mortality across mental disorders. Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of mortality among people with mental disorders and examine differences in mortality risks by type of death, diagnosis, and study characteristics. Data sources We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and Web of Science from inception through May 7, 2014, including references of eligible articles. Our search strategy included terms for mental disorders (eg, mental disorders, serious mental illness, and severe mental illness), specific diagnoses (eg, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder), and mortality. We also used Google Scholar to identify articles that cited eligible articles. Study selection English-language cohort studies that reported a mortality estimate of mental disorders compared with a general population or controls from the same study setting without mental illness were included. Two reviewers independently reviewed the titles, abstracts, and articles. Of 2481 studies identified, 203 articles met the eligibility criteria and represented 29 countries in 6 continents. Data extraction and synthesis One reviewer conducted a full abstraction of all data, and 2 reviewers verified accuracy. Main outcomes and measures Mortality estimates (eg, standardized mortality ratios, relative risks, hazard ratios, odds ratios, and years of potential life lost) comparing people with mental disorders and the general population or people without mental disorders. We used random-effects meta-analysis models to pool mortality ratios for all, natural, and unnatural causes of death. We also examined years of potential life lost and estimated the population attributable risk of mortality due to mental disorders. Results For all-cause mortality, the pooled relative risk of mortality among those with mental disorders (from 148 studies) was 2.22 (95% CI, 2.12-2.33). Of these, 135 studies revealed that mortality was significantly higher among people with mental disorders than among the comparison population. A total of 67.3% of deaths among people with mental disorders were due to natural causes, 17.5% to unnatural causes, and the remainder to other or unknown causes. The median years of potential life lost was 10 years (n = 24 studies). We estimate that 14.3% of deaths worldwide, or approximately 8 million deaths each year, are attributable to mental disorders. Conclusions and relevance These estimates suggest that mental disorders rank among the most substantial causes of death worldwide. Efforts to quantify and address the global burden of illness need to better consider the role of mental disorders in preventable mortality.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Premature Mortality Among Adults With Schizophrenia in the United States
TL;DR: In a US national cohort of adults with schizophrenia, excess deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases implicate modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, including especially tobacco use, which highlight threats posed by substance abuse.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBDBS) 2019 as mentioned in this paper measured the global, regional, and national prevalence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYS), years lived with disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs) for mental disorders from 1990 to 2019.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness
Joseph Firth,Joseph Firth,Joseph Firth,Najma Siddiqi,Ai Koyanagi,Ai Koyanagi,Ai Koyanagi,Dan Siskind,Simon Rosenbaum,Cherrie Galletly,Stephanie Allan,Constanza Caneo,Rebekah Carney,André F. Carvalho,André F. Carvalho,Mary Lou Chatterton,Christoph U. Correll,Christoph U. Correll,Jackie Curtis,Fiona Gaughran,Fiona Gaughran,Adrian H. Heald,Adrian H. Heald,Adrian H. Heald,Erin Hoare,Sarah E Jackson,Steve Kisely,Steve Kisely,Karina Lovell,Mario Maj,Patrick D. McGorry,Cathrine Mihalopoulos,Hannah Myles,Brian O'Donoghue,Toby Pillinger,Jerome Sarris,Jerome Sarris,Felipe Barreto Schuch,David Shiers,Lee Smith,Marco Solmi,Shuichi Suetani,Shuichi Suetani,Johanna Taylor,Scott B Teasdale,Graham Thornicroft,John Torous,Tim Usherwood,Tim Usherwood,Davy Vancampfort,Nicola Veronese,Philip B. Ward,Alison R. Yung,Alison R. Yung,Eoin Killackey,Brendon Stubbs,Brendon Stubbs +56 more
TL;DR: This Commission summarises advances in understanding on the topic of physical health in people with mental illness, and presents clear directions for health promotion, clinical care, and future research.
Journal ArticleDOI
Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Carsten Hjorthøj,Carsten Hjorthøj,Anne Emilie Stürup,John J. McGrath,John J. McGrath,John J. McGrath,Merete Nordentoft,Merete Nordentoft +7 more
TL;DR: The effects of schizophrenia on years potential life lost and life expectancy seem to be substantial and not to have lessened over time, and development and implementation of interventions and initiatives to reduce this mortality gap are urgently needed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Addressing the burden of mental, neurological, and substance use disorders: key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition
Vikram Patel,Vikram Patel,Dan Chisholm,Rachana Parikh,Fiona J Charlson,Fiona J Charlson,Louisa Degenhardt,Louisa Degenhardt,Louisa Degenhardt,Tarun Dua,Alize J. Ferrari,Alize J. Ferrari,Steve Hyman,Ramanan Laxminarayan,Ramanan Laxminarayan,Ramanan Laxminarayan,Carol Levin,Crick Lund,Crick Lund,Maria Elena Medina Mora,Inge Petersen,James Scott,James Scott,Rahul Shidhaye,Rahul Shidhaye,Lakshmi Vijayakumar,Graham Thornicroft,Harvey Whiteford,Harvey Whiteford +28 more
TL;DR: The goal is to massively increase opportunities for people with MNS disorders to access services without the prospect of discrimination or impoverishment and with the hope of attaining optimal health and social outcomes.
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