Power Analysis and Effect Size in Mixed Effects Models: A Tutorial
Marc Brysbaert,Michaël Stevens +1 more
- Vol. 1, Iss: 1, pp 9-9
TLDR
It is recommended that a properly powered reaction time experiment with repeated measures has at least 1,600 word observations per condition, considerably more than current practice, and it is shown that researchers must include the number of observations in meta-analyses.Abstract:
In psychology, attempts to replicate published findings are less successful than expected. For properly powered studies replication rate should be around 80%, whereas in practice less than 40% of the studies selected from different areas of psychology can be replicated. Researchers in cognitive psychology are hindered in estimating the power of their studies, because the designs they use present a sample of stimulus materials to a sample of participants, a situation not covered by most power formulas. To remedy the situation, we review the literature related to the topic and introduce recent software packages, which we apply to the data of two masked priming studies with high power. We checked how we could estimate the power of each study and how much they could be reduced to remain powerful enough. On the basis of this analysis, we recommend that a properly powered reaction time experiment with repeated measures has at least 1,600 word observations per condition (e.g., 40 participants, 40 stimuli). This is considerably more than current practice. We also show that researchers must include the number of observations in meta-analyses because the effect sizes currently reported depend on the number of stimuli presented to the participants. Our analyses can easily be applied to new datasets gathered.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Segmented relations between online reading behaviors, text properties, and reader–text interactions: An eye-movement experiment
TL;DR: This article used mixed-effects regression models of gaze measures of early and late print processing stages from sentence onset to investigate possible associations between gaze measures, text properties, and skill measures, and applied segmented linear regressions to detect the dynamics of identified associations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Parallel word reading revealed by fixation-related brain potentials
TL;DR: The authors showed that syntax impacted brain potentials as early as 100 ms after the target fixation onset, indicating that parallel word processing typifies reading and that OB1-reader offers a good platform for theorizing about the reading brain.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Letter is a Letter and its Co-Occurrences: Cracking the Emergence of Position-Invariance Processing
TL;DR: This paper found that position invariance emerges rapidly after the exposition to orthographic regularities-bigrams-in a novel script, showing that participants were more prone to make errors with frequent bigrams than with infrequent bigrams with a letter transposition.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of semantic relationship and preactivation on memory updating
TL;DR: In this paper , two experiments were run to investigate how semantic relationship modulates working memory (WM) processes by promoting recall but impairing recognition, and they demonstrated that long-term semantic associations benefitted the updating process, or more generally, overall WM function.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4
TL;DR: In this article, a model is described in an lmer call by a formula, in this case including both fixed-and random-effects terms, and the formula and data together determine a numerical representation of the model from which the profiled deviance or the profeatured REML criterion can be evaluated as a function of some of model parameters.
Journal ArticleDOI
G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences
TL;DR: G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an introduction to mixed-effects models for the analysis of repeated measurement data with subjects and items as crossed random effects, and a worked-out example of how to use recent software for mixed effects modeling is provided.
Journal ArticleDOI
Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience
Katherine S. Button,John P. A. Ioannidis,Claire Mokrysz,Brian A. Nosek,Jonathan Flint,Emma S J Robinson,Marcus R. Munafò +6 more
TL;DR: It is shown that the average statistical power of studies in the neurosciences is very low, and the consequences include overestimates of effect size and low reproducibility of results.
Journal ArticleDOI
Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science
Alexander A. Aarts,Joanna E. Anderson,Christopher J. Anderson,Peter Raymond Attridge,Peter Raymond Attridge,Angela S. Attwood,Jordan Axt,Molly Babel,Štěpán Bahník,Erica Baranski,Michael Barnett-Cowan,Elizabeth Bartmess,Jennifer S. Beer,Raoul Bell,Heather Bentley,Leah Beyan,Grace Binion,Grace Binion,Denny Borsboom,Annick Bosch,Frank A. Bosco,Sara Bowman,Mark J. Brandt,Erin L Braswell,Hilmar Brohmer,Benjamin T. Brown,Kristina G. Brown,Jovita Brüning,Jovita Brüning,Ann Calhoun-Sauls,Shannon P. Callahan,Elizabeth Chagnon,Jesse Chandler,Jesse Chandler,Christopher R. Chartier,Felix Cheung,Felix Cheung,Cody D. Christopherson,Linda Cillessen,Russ Clay,Hayley M. D. Cleary,Mark D. Cloud,Michael Conn,Johanna Cohoon,Simon Columbus,Andreas Cordes,Giulio Costantini,Leslie Cramblet Alvarez,Ed Cremata,Jan Crusius,Jamie DeCoster,Michelle A. DeGaetano,Nicolás Delia Penna,Bobby Den Bezemer,Marie K. Deserno,Olivia Devitt,Laura Dewitte,David G. Dobolyi,Geneva T. Dodson,M. Brent Donnellan,Ryan Donohue,Rebecca A. Dore,Angela Rachael Dorrough,Angela Rachael Dorrough,Anna Dreber,Michelle Dugas,Elizabeth W. Dunn,Kayleigh E Easey,Sylvia Eboigbe,Casey Eggleston,Jo Embley,Sacha Epskamp,Timothy M. Errington,Vivien Estel,Frank J. Farach,Jenelle Feather,Anna Fedor,Belén Fernández-Castilla,Susann Fiedler,James G. Field,Stanka A. Fitneva,Taru Flagan,Amanda L. Forest,Eskil Forsell,Joshua D. Foster,Michael C. Frank,Rebecca S. Frazier,Heather M. Fuchs,Philip A. Gable,Jeff Galak,Elisa Maria Galliani,Anup Gampa,Sara García,Douglas Gazarian,Elizabeth Gilbert,Roger Giner-Sorolla,Andreas Glöckner,Andreas Glöckner,Lars Goellner,Jin X. Goh,Rebecca M. Goldberg,Patrick T. Goodbourn,Shauna Gordon-McKeon,Bryan Gorges,Jessie Gorges,Justin Goss,Jesse Graham,James A. Grange,Jeremy R. Gray,Chris H.J. Hartgerink,Joshua K. Hartshorne,Fred Hasselman,Timothy Hayes,Emma Heikensten,Felix Henninger,Felix Henninger,John Hodsoll,Taylor Holubar,Gea Hoogendoorn,Denise J. Humphries,Cathy On-Ying Hung,Nathali Immelman,Vanessa C. Irsik,Georg Jahn,Frank Jäkel,Marc Jekel,Magnus Johannesson,Larissa Gabrielle Johnson,David J. Johnson,Kate M. Johnson,William J. Johnston,Kai J. Jonas,Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba,Heather Barry Kappes,Kim Kelso,Mallory C. Kidwell,Seung K. Kim,Matthew W. Kirkhart,Bennett Kleinberg,Bennett Kleinberg,Goran Knežević,Franziska Maria Kolorz,Jolanda J. Kossakowski,Robert Krause,Job Krijnen,Tim Kuhlmann,Yoram K. Kunkels,Megan M. Kyc,Calvin K. Lai,Aamir Laique,Daniel Lakens,Kristin A. Lane,Bethany Lassetter,Ljiljana B. Lazarević,Etienne P. Le Bel,Key Jung Lee,Minha Lee,Kristi M. Lemm,Carmel A. Levitan,Melissa Lewis,Lin Lin,Stephanie C. Lin,Matthias Lippold,Darren Loureiro,Ilse Luteijn,Sean P. Mackinnon,Heather N. Mainard,Denise C. Marigold,Daniel P. Martin,Tylar Martinez,E. J. Masicampo,Joshua J. Matacotta,Maya B. Mathur,Michael May,Michael May,Nicole Mechin,Pranjal H. Mehta,Johannes M. Meixner,Johannes M. Meixner,Alissa Melinger,Jeremy K. Miller,Mallorie Miller,Katherine Moore,Katherine Moore,Marcus Möschl,Matt Motyl,Stephanie M. Müller,Marcus R. Munafò,Koen Ilja Neijenhuijs,Taylor Nervi,Gandalf Nicolas,Gustav Nilsonne,Gustav Nilsonne,Brian A. Nosek,Brian A. Nosek,Michèle B. Nuijten,Catherine Olsson,Catherine Olsson,Colleen Osborne,Lutz Ostkamp,Misha Pavel,Ian S. Penton-Voak,Olivia Perna,Cyril Pernet,Marco Perugini,R. Nathan Pipitone,Michael C. Pitts,Franziska Plessow,Franziska Plessow,Jason M. Prenoveau,Rima-Maria Rahal,Rima-Maria Rahal,Kate A. Ratliff,David Reinhard,Frank Renkewitz,Ashley A. Ricker,Anastasia E. Rigney,Andrew M Rivers,Mark A. Roebke,Abraham M. Rutchick,Robert S. Ryan,Onur Sahin,Anondah R. Saide,Gillian M. Sandstrom,David Santos,David Santos,Rebecca Saxe,René Schlegelmilch,René Schlegelmilch,Kathleen Schmidt,Sabine Scholz,Larissa Seibel,Dylan Selterman,Samuel Shaki,William B. Simpson,H. Colleen Sinclair,Jeanine L. M. Skorinko,Agnieszka Slowik,Joel S. Snyder,Courtney K. Soderberg,Carina Sonnleitner,Nick Spencer,Jeffrey R. Spies,Sara Steegen,Stefan Stieger,Nina Strohminger,Gavin Brent Sullivan,Thomas Talhelm,Megan Tapia,Anniek M. te Dorsthorst,Manuela Thomae,Manuela Thomae,Sarah L. Thomas,Pia Tio,Frits Traets,Steve N.H. Tsang,Francis Tuerlinckx,Paul J. Turchan,Milan Valášek,Anna E. Van't Veer,Robbie C. M. van Aert,Marcel A.L.M. van Assen,Riet van Bork,Mathijs Van De Ven,Don van den Bergh,Marije van der Hulst,Roel van Dooren,Johnny van Doorn,Daan R. van Renswoude,Hedderik van Rijn,Wolf Vanpaemel,Alejandro Vásquez Echeverría,Melissa Vazquez,Natalia Vélez,Marieke Vermue,Mark Verschoor,Michelangelo Vianello,Martin Voracek,Gina Vuu,Eric-Jan Wagenmakers,Joanneke Weerdmeester,Ashlee Welsh,Erin C. Westgate,Joeri Wissink,Michael J. Wood,Andy T. Woods,Andy T. Woods,Emily M. Wright,Sining Wu,Marcel Zeelenberg,Kellylynn Zuni +290 more
TL;DR: A large-scale assessment suggests that experimental reproducibility in psychology leaves a lot to be desired, and correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams.