Reactive Astrocytes: Production, Function, and Therapeutic Potential
Shane A. Liddelow,Ben A. Barres +1 more
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TLDR
Recent studies that demonstrate that different initiating CNS injuries can elicit at least two types of "reactive" astrocytes with strikingly different properties, one type being helpful and the other harmful are summarized.About:
This article is published in Immunity.The article was published on 2017-06-20 and is currently open access. It has received 1324 citations till now.read more
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Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back
TL;DR: This review examines molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the establishment of the blood-brain barrier, and examines how BBB dysfunction relates to neurological deficits and other pathologies in the majority of sporadic AD, PD, and ALS cases, multiple sclerosis, other neurodegenerative disorders, and acute CNS disorders.
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Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here?
Fangda Leng,Paul Edison +1 more
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Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes.
Hyuk Sung Kwon,Seong-Ho Koh +1 more
TL;DR: The roles of inflammatory response in neurodegenerative diseases are discussed, focusing on the contributions of microglia and astrocytes and their relationship, and biomarkers to measure neuro inflammation and studies on therapeutic drugs that can modulate neuroinflammation are discussed.
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Block of A1 astrocyte conversion by microglia is neuroprotective in models of Parkinson's disease
Seung Pil Yun,Tae In Kam,Nikhil Panicker,SangMin Kim,Yumin Oh,Jong-Sung Park,Seung-Hwan Kwon,Yong Joo Park,Senthilkumar S. Karuppagounder,Hyejin Park,Sangjune Kim,Nayeon Oh,Nayoung Alice Kim,Saebom Lee,Saurav Brahmachari,Xiaobo Mao,Jun Hee Lee,Manoj Kumar,Daniel An,Sung Ung Kang,Yunjong Lee,Kang Choon Lee,Dong Hee Na,Dong-Hoon Kim,Sang Hun Lee,Viktor V. Roschke,Shane A. Liddelow,Zoltan Mari,Ben A. Barres,Valina L. Dawson,Seulki Lee,Ted M. Dawson,Han Seok Ko +32 more
TL;DR: It is found that NLY01 is a potent GLP1R agonist with favorable properties that is neuroprotective through the direct prevention of microglia-mediated conversion of astrocytes to an A1 neurotoxic phenotype and should be evaluated in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and related neurologic disorders characterized by microglial activation.
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Microglial control of astrocytes in response to microbial metabolites
Veit Rothhammer,Davis M. Borucki,Emily C. Tjon,Maisa C. Takenaka,Chun-Cheih Chao,Alberto Ardura-Fabregat,Kalil Alves de Lima,Cristina Gutiérrez-Vázquez,Patrick Hewson,Ori Staszewski,Manon Blain,Luke M. Healy,Tradite Neziraj,Matilde Borio,Michael A. Wheeler,Loic Lionel Dragin,David Laplaud,Jack P. Antel,Jorge I. Alvarez,Marco Prinz,Francisco J. Quintana,Francisco J. Quintana +21 more
TL;DR: It is reported that TGFα and VEGF-B produced by microglia regulate the pathogenic activities of astrocytes in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis, and this pathway may guide new therapies for multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders.
References
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Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia
Shane A. Liddelow,Kevin A. Guttenplan,Laura E. Clarke,Frederick C. Bennett,Christopher J. Bohlen,Lucas Schirmer,Mariko L. Bennett,Alexandra E. Münch,Won-Suk Chung,Todd C. Peterson,Daniel K. Wilton,Arnaud Frouin,Brooke A. Napier,Nikhil Panicker,Manoj Kumar,Marion S. Buckwalter,David H. Rowitch,Valina L. Dawson,Ted M. Dawson,Beth Stevens,Ben A. Barres +20 more
TL;DR: It is shown that activated microglia induce A1 astrocytes by secreting Il-1α, TNF and C1q, and that these cytokines together are necessary and sufficient to induce A2 astroCytes, which are abundant in various human neurodegenerative diseases.
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Preparation of separate astroglial and oligodendroglial cell cultures from rat cerebral tissue.
K. D. McCarthy,J. de Vellis +1 more
TL;DR: These preparations should significantly aid in efforts to examine the biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology of these two major classes of central nervous system cells.
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The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment.
TL;DR: How cytokines and pathogen signals influence macrophages' functional phenotypes and the evidence for M1 and M2 functions is assessed and a paradigm initially based on the role of a restricted set of selected ligands in the immune response is revisited.
Journal ArticleDOI
Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms
TL;DR: Overactivated microglia can be detected using imaging techniques and therefore this knowledge offers an opportunity not only for early diagnosis but, importantly, for the development of targeted anti-inflammatory therapies that might slow or halt the progression of neurodegenerative disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Regeneration beyond the glial scar
Jerry Silver,Jared H. Miller +1 more
TL;DR: Chondroitin and keratan sulphate proteoglycans are among the main inhibitory extracellular matrix molecules that are produced by reactive astrocytes in the glial scar, and they are believed to play a crucial part in regeneration failure.
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Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia
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