Sick individuals and sick populations
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Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.Abstract:
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.read more
Citations
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Políticas de saúde bucal no Brasil e seu impacto sobre as desigualdades em saúde Dental health policies in Brazil and their impact on health inequalities
José Leopoldo,Ferreira Antunes +1 more
TL;DR: This text systematizes available knowledge about the main dental health policies in Brazil in regards to their current degree of implementation and their impact on health inequalities and proposes targeted strategies, aiming to reduce inequalities in the experience of dental caries in Brazil.
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The impact of psychopathy on violence among the household population of Great Britain.
Jeremy W. Coid,Min Yang +1 more
TL;DR: Psychopathy makes a substantial impact on violence among the general population despite a low prevalence, and Explanations of this association include interpersonal difficulties due to psychopathic traits, fearlessness, thrill seeking, and antisocial lifestyle, but not impulsivity independent of antissocial lifestyle.
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Alcohol as a key area.
TL;DR: The Freeman Hospital has systems under the resource management initiative, which shows in its price list, which is more detailed than those of some of its competitors, giving individual prices per procedure in many cases in place of the cruder average specialty costings.
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Proteinuria in South Asian children: prevalence and determinants
Tazeen H. Jafar,Tazeen H. Jafar,Nish Chaturvedi,Juanita Hatcher,Iqtidar A. Khan,Anas Rabbani,Abdul Qayum Khan,Ronald J. Portman,Christopher H. Schmid,Andrew S. Levey +9 more
TL;DR: The ethnic variation in proteinuria in South Asian children mirrors variation among ethnic groups in adults, which suggests variations in susceptibility or early exposure to causes of chronic kidney disease, rather than long-term exposure to undiagnosed diabetes or hypertension.
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Preventing sudden infant deaths--the slow diffusion of an idea.
Martin McKee,Naomi Fulop,Paul Bouvier,Angela Hort,Helmut Brand,Finn Rasmussen,Lennart Kohler,Zsuzsa Varasovszky,Nils Rosdahl +8 more
TL;DR: The development of understanding of the role of sleeping position in the aetiology of SIDS and the diffusion of this knowledge among and within industrialised countries is traced and the barriers to adoption of knowledge as well as the factors that promote it are explored.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease.
TL;DR: In this article, two types of preventive measures are proposed; the first consists in the removal of an unnatural factor and the restoration of biological normality as the reduction of intake of saturated fats would be in the case of heart disease; the second does not consist of removing a supposed cause of disease but in adding some other factors in the hope of conferring protection as a high intake of polyunsaturated fat and of long-term medication would be for heart disease.
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A Co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate: Report1 from the Committee of Principal Investigators
M.F. Oliver,J. A. Heady,J.N. Morris,J. Cooper,H. Geizerova,I. Gyarfas,Green K,T. Strasser,W. G. Macfie,E. Scott,M. Czukas,J. Duba,E. Ostor,D. Grafnetter,Z. Hejil,Z. Pisa,K. Uemura,G. Lamm,J. M. Thorp +18 more
TL;DR: A double-blind intervention trial to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels found men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit.
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Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention.
TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
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How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.
TL;DR: Although a group of subjects at high risk can be identified, among whom will be a high proportion of potential victims of heart attack, many subjects will be wrongly classified and highlight the need for research to improve the prediction of the development of coronary heart disease.
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British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality.
TL;DR: A negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
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