Sick individuals and sick populations
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Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.Abstract:
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease and social inequalities in Porto Alegre: from evidence to action.
TL;DR: Almost half of the mortality by CVD before 65 years of age can be attributed to poverty, and it is necessary to reduce illness and recover the health of the poorest inhabitants with investments that result in national economic development and improvement of the social conditions of the population.
BookDOI
Handbook of urban health
Sandro Galea,David Vlahov +1 more
TL;DR: The handbook of urban health is one book that the authors really recommend you to read, to get more solutions in solving this problem.
Journal ArticleDOI
Advantages of public green spaces in enhancing population health
Takemi Sugiyama,Takemi Sugiyama,Alison Carver,Mohammad Javad Koohsari,Mohammad Javad Koohsari,Jenny Veitch +5 more
TL;DR: This essay argues that PGS are not only health-enhancing but also practical and workable environmental resources to promote population health and discusses three “advantages” of using PGS as health promotion initiatives.
Journal ArticleDOI
Health co-benefits of climate change mitigation policies in the transport sector
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors systematically review the evidence from'real life' transport policies and their impacts on health and CO2 emissions and identify a few studies that mostly involved personalized travel planning and showed modest increases in active transport such as walking, and reductions in vehicle use and CO 2 emissions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Do coronary heart disease risk factors measured in the elderly have the same predictive roles as in the middle aged. Comparisons of relative and attributable risks.
TL;DR: Serum cholesterol level, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and possibly alcohol consumption continue to be important predictors for CHD when measured after age 65, and that the public health impact of these risk factors, in terms of excess risk, may be more important in the elderly.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease.
TL;DR: In this article, two types of preventive measures are proposed; the first consists in the removal of an unnatural factor and the restoration of biological normality as the reduction of intake of saturated fats would be in the case of heart disease; the second does not consist of removing a supposed cause of disease but in adding some other factors in the hope of conferring protection as a high intake of polyunsaturated fat and of long-term medication would be for heart disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate: Report1 from the Committee of Principal Investigators
M.F. Oliver,J. A. Heady,J.N. Morris,J. Cooper,H. Geizerova,I. Gyarfas,Green K,T. Strasser,W. G. Macfie,E. Scott,M. Czukas,J. Duba,E. Ostor,D. Grafnetter,Z. Hejil,Z. Pisa,K. Uemura,G. Lamm,J. M. Thorp +18 more
TL;DR: A double-blind intervention trial to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels found men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention.
TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
Journal ArticleDOI
How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.
TL;DR: Although a group of subjects at high risk can be identified, among whom will be a high proportion of potential victims of heart attack, many subjects will be wrongly classified and highlight the need for research to improve the prediction of the development of coronary heart disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality.
TL;DR: A negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
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