Sick individuals and sick populations
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Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.Abstract:
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.read more
Citations
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Preventing the Onset of Depressive Disorders: A Meta-Analytic Review of Psychological Interventions
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted a meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled studies in which the incidence of depressive disorders (based on diagnostic criteria) in an experimental group could be compared with that of a control group.
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Tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection in close contacts of people with pulmonary tuberculosis in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
TL;DR: The results suggest that contact investigation merits serious consideration as a means to improve early case detection and decrease transmission of M tuberculosis in high-incidence areas.
Journal ArticleDOI
Meta-analysis of internet-delivered interventions to increase physical activity levels
Cally A Davies,John C. Spence,Corneel Vandelanotte,Cristina M. Caperchione,Cristina M. Caperchione,W. Kerry Mummery,W. Kerry Mummery +6 more
TL;DR: Results of the meta-analysis support the delivery ofinternet-delivered interventions in producing positive changes in physical activity, however effect sizes were small and the ability of internet-del delivered interventions to produce meaningful change in long-term physical activity remains unclear.
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Population based intervention to change back pain beliefs and disability: three part evaluation
TL;DR: A population based primary prevention intervention that provided explicit advice about back pain improved beliefs in the general population and knowledge and attitudes in general practitioners and seemed to influence medical management and reduce disability and workers' compensation costs related to back pain.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease.
TL;DR: In this article, two types of preventive measures are proposed; the first consists in the removal of an unnatural factor and the restoration of biological normality as the reduction of intake of saturated fats would be in the case of heart disease; the second does not consist of removing a supposed cause of disease but in adding some other factors in the hope of conferring protection as a high intake of polyunsaturated fat and of long-term medication would be for heart disease.
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A Co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate: Report1 from the Committee of Principal Investigators
M.F. Oliver,J. A. Heady,J.N. Morris,J. Cooper,H. Geizerova,I. Gyarfas,Green K,T. Strasser,W. G. Macfie,E. Scott,M. Czukas,J. Duba,E. Ostor,D. Grafnetter,Z. Hejil,Z. Pisa,K. Uemura,G. Lamm,J. M. Thorp +18 more
TL;DR: A double-blind intervention trial to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels found men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit.
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Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention.
TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
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How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.
TL;DR: Although a group of subjects at high risk can be identified, among whom will be a high proportion of potential victims of heart attack, many subjects will be wrongly classified and highlight the need for research to improve the prediction of the development of coronary heart disease.
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British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality.
TL;DR: A negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
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European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Version 2012)
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