Sick individuals and sick populations
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Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.Abstract:
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.read more
Citations
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Early childhood linear growth faltering in low-income and middle-income countries as a whole-population condition: analysis of 179 Demographic and Health Surveys from 64 countries (1993–2015)
TL;DR: In low-income and middle-income countries, declines in mean HAZ with age are due to a downward shift in the entire HAZ distribution, revealing that children across the HAZ spectrum experience slower growth compared to the international standard.
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Causality, responsibility and blame ‐ core issues in the cultural construction and subtext of prevention
TL;DR: In this article, explanations and interpretations of health risks among 40-year-old men going through a preventive program of cholesterolemia in a farming region in Sweden are described.
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Cross-sectional associations between residential environmental exposures and cardiovascular diseases
TL;DR: This is the first study to combine multiple neighbourhood influences in an integrated approach to understanding the association between the built and social environment and CVDs, and illustrates the importance of measuring and modeling a broad range of neighborhood factors to identify specific stressors in relation to adverse health outcomes.
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Understanding the local food environment: A participatory photovoice project in a low-income area in Madrid, Spain.
Julia Díez,Paloma Conde,María Sandín,María Urtasun,Remedios López,José Luis Carrero,Joel Gittelsohn,Manuel Franco,Manuel Franco +8 more
TL;DR: The participatory method of Photovoice was used to understand key determinants of the local food environment influencing residents' diets in Villaverde, a low‐income area located in Madrid, Spain.
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Topical timolol decreases plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.
Anne L. Coleman,Anne L. Coleman,D. L. Chris Diehl,Henry D. Jampel,Paul S. Bachorik,Harry A. Quigley +5 more
TL;DR: Higher baseline high- density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were associated with larger reductions in high-density lipop Protein cholesterol levels, and higher baseline cholesterol-high-density cholesterol ratio increased 8%, suggesting that baseline cholesterol levels may have been affected by beta-Adrenergic antagonists taken orally.
References
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Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease.
TL;DR: In this article, two types of preventive measures are proposed; the first consists in the removal of an unnatural factor and the restoration of biological normality as the reduction of intake of saturated fats would be in the case of heart disease; the second does not consist of removing a supposed cause of disease but in adding some other factors in the hope of conferring protection as a high intake of polyunsaturated fat and of long-term medication would be for heart disease.
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A Co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate: Report1 from the Committee of Principal Investigators
M.F. Oliver,J. A. Heady,J.N. Morris,J. Cooper,H. Geizerova,I. Gyarfas,Green K,T. Strasser,W. G. Macfie,E. Scott,M. Czukas,J. Duba,E. Ostor,D. Grafnetter,Z. Hejil,Z. Pisa,K. Uemura,G. Lamm,J. M. Thorp +18 more
TL;DR: A double-blind intervention trial to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels found men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit.
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Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention.
TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
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How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.
TL;DR: Although a group of subjects at high risk can be identified, among whom will be a high proportion of potential victims of heart attack, many subjects will be wrongly classified and highlight the need for research to improve the prediction of the development of coronary heart disease.
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British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality.
TL;DR: A negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
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European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Version 2012)
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