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Sick individuals and sick populations

Geoffrey Rose
- 01 Mar 1985 - 
- Vol. 30, Iss: 3, pp 427-432
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TLDR
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.
Abstract
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.

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Determinants of handwashing practices in Kenya: the role of media exposure, poverty and infrastructure

TL;DR: This work aims to explore how structural constraints such as lack of reliable water supply, sanitation, educational and other socio‐economic factors limit the adoption of better hygiene.
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Speed, road injury, and public health.

TL;DR: Modal shifts from speed on roads to speed on rail, lower maximum vehicle speeds, and speed-camera networks are required for progress toward Vision Zero-the goal of no road deaths-through Killing Speed.
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Psychosocial stress at work and cardiovascular diseases: an overview of systematic reviews

TL;DR: An overview of SRev is used to summarize literature and identify areas in which research is needed and Analyze gaps in the literature and provide a summary of research needs.
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The Upstream Determinants of Adult Obesity

TL;DR: A historical background is provided, the current evidence base regarding these upstream determinants across various types of environments are summarised and they are put in perspective.
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Maternal perinatal mental health and offspring academic achievement at age 16: the mediating role of childhood executive function.

TL;DR: Maternal postnatal depression and antenatal anxiety are risk factors for adolescents underachieving in math and Preventing, identifying, and treating maternal mental health in the perinatal period could, therefore, potentially increase adolescents’ academic achievement.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease.

Geoffrey Rose
- 06 Jun 1981 - 
TL;DR: In this article, two types of preventive measures are proposed; the first consists in the removal of an unnatural factor and the restoration of biological normality as the reduction of intake of saturated fats would be in the case of heart disease; the second does not consist of removing a supposed cause of disease but in adding some other factors in the hope of conferring protection as a high intake of polyunsaturated fat and of long-term medication would be for heart disease.
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A Co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate: Report1 from the Committee of Principal Investigators

TL;DR: A double-blind intervention trial to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels found men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit.
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Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention.

TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
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How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.

TL;DR: Although a group of subjects at high risk can be identified, among whom will be a high proportion of potential victims of heart attack, many subjects will be wrongly classified and highlight the need for research to improve the prediction of the development of coronary heart disease.
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British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality.

TL;DR: A negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
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