Sick individuals and sick populations
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Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.Abstract:
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.read more
Citations
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Cohort Study of Guinean Children: Incidence, Pathogenicity, Conferred Protection, and Attributable Risk for Enteropathogens during the First 2 Years of Life
Palle Valentiner-Branth,Hans Steinsland,Thea Kølsen Fischer,Michael Perch,Flemming Scheutz,Francisco Dias,Peter Aaby,Kåre Mølbak,Halvor Sommerfelt +8 more
TL;DR: Standard estimation of the population attributable risk indicated that rotavirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and enteroinvasive E. coli were the most important contributors to diarrhea in this population, but Stx2- but not Stx1-producing STEC strains were pathogenic.
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Converging paradigms for environmental health theory and practice.
TL;DR: The role of research and applied programs that integrate biophysical and social sciences with environmental health practice in order to address deficiencies in each field when taken on its own is outlined.
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A Population Approach to Precision Medicine
TL;DR: It is argued that in order to fulfill the promise of P4 medicine, a "fifth P" must be integrated-the population perspective-into each of the other four components.
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Ethnic density and deliberate self harm; a small area study in south east London
TL;DR: The DSH rate of minority groups relative to the white group is low in some areas, and high elsewhere, which has implications for management of suicidal behaviour in ethnic groups and for interpretation and policy implementation of research on risk for suicidal behaviour.
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International patterns of the prevalence of pediatric asthma: The ISAAC program
TL;DR: The ISAAC findings provide the basis for further studies to investigate factors that potentially contribute to these international patterns and may lead to novel public health and pharmacologic intervention strategies that reduce the prevalence and severity of asthma worldwide as mentioned in this paper.
References
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Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease.
TL;DR: In this article, two types of preventive measures are proposed; the first consists in the removal of an unnatural factor and the restoration of biological normality as the reduction of intake of saturated fats would be in the case of heart disease; the second does not consist of removing a supposed cause of disease but in adding some other factors in the hope of conferring protection as a high intake of polyunsaturated fat and of long-term medication would be for heart disease.
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A Co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate: Report1 from the Committee of Principal Investigators
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TL;DR: A double-blind intervention trial to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels found men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit.
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Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention.
TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
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How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.
TL;DR: Although a group of subjects at high risk can be identified, among whom will be a high proportion of potential victims of heart attack, many subjects will be wrongly classified and highlight the need for research to improve the prediction of the development of coronary heart disease.
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British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality.
TL;DR: A negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
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European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Version 2012)
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