Sick individuals and sick populations
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Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.Abstract:
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.read more
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How policy informs the evidence: “Evidence based” thinking can lead to debased policy making
TL;DR: In this week's BMJ readers have the opportunity to assess part of the process leading to the recommendations of the Independent Inquiry into Health Inequalities (the Acheson inquiry), established in 1997 to help the government formulate policy to reduce health inequalities.
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Socioeconomic position, macroeconomic environment and overweight among adolescents in 35 countries.
Pernille Due,Mogens Trab Damsgaard,Michael Højby Rasmussen,Bjørn Evald Holstein,Jane Wardle,Juan Merlo,Candace Currie,Naman Ahluwalia,T I A Sørensen,John Lynch,John Lynch +10 more
TL;DR: The direction and magnitude of social inequality in adolescent overweight shows large international variation, with negative socialGradients in most countries, but positive social gradients, especially for boys, in some Central European countries.
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Epidemiology, evidenced-based medicine, and evidence-based public health.
TL;DR: Clinical and public health guidelines will benefit first from the EBM approach, then daily practice of EBM will follow, conditions permitting, and epidemiology must now contribute to the evaluation of the practice of an EB approach.
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Food Taxation and Pricing Strategies to “Thin Out” the Obesity Epidemic
Daniel Kim,Ichiro Kawachi +1 more
TL;DR: The similarities and dissimilarities of the two approaches to addressing the current obesity epidemic in the United States are summarized, by emphasizing some of the gaps and priorities regarding these strategies that should be addressed in future research and policies to best effect obesity prevention.
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Collective Efficacy and Major Depression in Urban Neighborhoods
Jennifer Ahern,Sandro Galea +1 more
TL;DR: Collective efficacy was related to major depression among older adults; marginal models estimated a 6.2% lower prevalence of depression if all older adults (65 years and older) had lived in high versus low collective efficacy neighborhoods; however, the confidence interval crossed the null.
References
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Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease.
TL;DR: In this article, two types of preventive measures are proposed; the first consists in the removal of an unnatural factor and the restoration of biological normality as the reduction of intake of saturated fats would be in the case of heart disease; the second does not consist of removing a supposed cause of disease but in adding some other factors in the hope of conferring protection as a high intake of polyunsaturated fat and of long-term medication would be for heart disease.
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A Co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate: Report1 from the Committee of Principal Investigators
M.F. Oliver,J. A. Heady,J.N. Morris,J. Cooper,H. Geizerova,I. Gyarfas,Green K,T. Strasser,W. G. Macfie,E. Scott,M. Czukas,J. Duba,E. Ostor,D. Grafnetter,Z. Hejil,Z. Pisa,K. Uemura,G. Lamm,J. M. Thorp +18 more
TL;DR: A double-blind intervention trial to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels found men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit.
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Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention.
TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
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How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.
TL;DR: Although a group of subjects at high risk can be identified, among whom will be a high proportion of potential victims of heart attack, many subjects will be wrongly classified and highlight the need for research to improve the prediction of the development of coronary heart disease.
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British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality.
TL;DR: A negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
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