Sick individuals and sick populations
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Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.Abstract:
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.read more
Citations
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Socioeconomic inequality in clusters of health-related behaviours in Europe: latent class analysis of a cross-sectional European survey.
TL;DR: There were clear socioeconomic gradients in clusters of health-related behaviours in 27 European countries and individuals with the lowest socioeconomic position were more likely to have risky and moderate clusters than healthy cluster compared to those with the highest socioeconomic position.
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Are risk factors of childhood asthma predicting disease persistence in early adulthood different in the developing world
TL;DR: Predictive factors of childhood asthma for favorable prognosis may differ between populations where a variety of genetic and environmental factors are present, and this study highlights the need to understand these factors more fully.
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Landscapes of becoming social: A systematic review of evidence for associations and pathways between interactions with nature and socioemotional development in children
Lærke Mygind,Mette Kurtzhals,Clare Nowell,Paulina S. Melby,Matt P. Stevenson,Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen,Jarrad A. G. Lum,Trine Flensborg-Madsen,Peter Bentsen,Peter G. Enticott +9 more
TL;DR: In a recent systematic review as discussed by the authors, the effects of interaction with nature on socio-emotional functioning in childhood were investigated and positive associations between availability of and spending time in green space were found with children's intra-and interpersonal socioemotional function and development.
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Genetic profiling and individualized assessment of fracture risk
Tuan V. Nguyen,John A. Eisman +1 more
TL;DR: Genome-wide association studies conducted in the past decade have identified several genetic variants relevant to fracture risk, and genetic profiling when integrated with existing risk assessment models could inform a more accurate prediction of fracture risk in an individual.
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Quantifying the health benefits of genetic tests: The importance of a population perspective
TL;DR: Quantifying the health benefits of genetic tests: The importance of a population perspective is illustrated.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease.
TL;DR: In this article, two types of preventive measures are proposed; the first consists in the removal of an unnatural factor and the restoration of biological normality as the reduction of intake of saturated fats would be in the case of heart disease; the second does not consist of removing a supposed cause of disease but in adding some other factors in the hope of conferring protection as a high intake of polyunsaturated fat and of long-term medication would be for heart disease.
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A Co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate: Report1 from the Committee of Principal Investigators
M.F. Oliver,J. A. Heady,J.N. Morris,J. Cooper,H. Geizerova,I. Gyarfas,Green K,T. Strasser,W. G. Macfie,E. Scott,M. Czukas,J. Duba,E. Ostor,D. Grafnetter,Z. Hejil,Z. Pisa,K. Uemura,G. Lamm,J. M. Thorp +18 more
TL;DR: A double-blind intervention trial to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels found men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit.
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Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention.
TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
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How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.
TL;DR: Although a group of subjects at high risk can be identified, among whom will be a high proportion of potential victims of heart attack, many subjects will be wrongly classified and highlight the need for research to improve the prediction of the development of coronary heart disease.
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British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality.
TL;DR: A negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
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European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Version 2012)
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